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. 2018 Jan 4;8:2629. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02629

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Copyright © 2018 Martinez-Salas, Francisco-Velilla, Fernandez-Chamorro and Embarek.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Secondary structure of the 5′ UTR of Halastavi arva virus (HaIV) and HIV-1 RNAs. (A) Stem-loops (1–17) of HaIV 5′ UTR are indicated; A-rich unstructured regions flank the functional AUG codon. (B) Structural motifs of the HIV-1 5′ UTR are schematically represented. The minimal IRES element overlaps the primer binding site (PBS), dimerization initiation site (DIS), and splice donor (SD) stem-loops. RNA structural motifs within the 5′ UTR flanking the minimal IRES are the trans-activating region (TAR) and the polyadenylation signal (PBS) at the 5′ end, and the packaging signal (Psi) downstream of the IRES element.