Table 4.

Associations between social capital variables and hypertension detection, treatment and control (among participants aware of their hypertension) by country income group, ordinary least-square estimates from model specification including individual controls *, community controls† and community fixed effects

Dimension of social capital	Hypertension treatment		Hypertension control
	HIC and UMIC	LMIC and LIC	HIC and UMIC	LMIC and LIC
Membership
Coefficient	−0.002	0.014	−0.001	0.032
SE	0.007	0.012	0.009	0.016
Observations	11 683	4912	11 683	4912
R2	0.040	0.042	0.019	0.015
P value for difference in coefficients‡	0.2425		0.0728
Trust in people
Coefficient	0.005	−0.007	0.007	0.004
SE	0.007	0.009	0.010	0.008
Observations	11 679	10 516	11 679	10 516
R2	0.040	0.019	0.019	0.009
P value for difference in coefficients‡	0.2820		0.7960
Trust in organisations
Coefficient	−0.014	−0.037	0.008	−0.002
SE	0.009	0.029	0.012	0.029
Observations	11 614	10 494	11 614	10 494
R2	0.041	0.020	0.019	0.009
P value for difference in coefficients‡	0.4533		0.7474

*Individual and household controls include sex, age, marital status, dummies for highest level of education obtained, dummies for household wealth quintiles, urban-rural location, current or recent history of tobacco use, alcohol user, diabetes, depression, obesity, pregnancy, recent loss of employment, dummies for country and year of data collection.

†Community controls include availability of any public health facility, any private health facility, availability of any antihypertensive medications at a retail pharmacy, number of different antihypertensive medication categories available at a retail pharmacy, presence of electric street lighting, presence of any traffic lights and completeness of paved roads.

‡P value from Chow test for the equality of coefficients between HIC and UMIC vs LMIC and LIC groups.

HIC, high-income countries; LIC, low-income countries; LMIC, lower-middle-income countries; UMIC, upper-middle-income countries.