Table 2.
Psychometric properties of the neck disability index
| Authors, year (language) | Population | Sample size | Dimensionality | Internal consistency | Reliability | Validity | Responsiveness | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distribution-based methods | Anchor-based methods | |||||||
| Hains et al, 1998 (English) [53] | NP | 237 | 1 factor | α = .92 | – | rp = .65 VAS-P | – | – |
| Stratford et al, 1999 (English) [54] |
NP | 50 | 1 factor | α = .87 | ICC = .94 (1-sided lower 95 % CI .87) | r = .70 prognostic ratings of change | MDC = 4.7 points SEM = 2 points | MCID = 5 points AUC = .90 (Spec .80; Sens .78) |
| Chok & Gomez, 2000 (Malaysian) [26] | NP | 22 | – | – | k = .90 | – | – | – |
| Ackelman & Lindgren, 2002 (Swedish) [27] | Chronic NP >3 months | 39 | – | – | rs = .94–.99 | rs = .95 DRI rs = -.88 SF-36 PF subscale rs = .86 VAS-A rs = .60 VAS-P |
– | – |
| Wlodyka-Demaille et al, 2002 (French) [28] | Neck disorders >15 days | 101 | 2 factors: Function and disability; Neck pain | – | ICC = .93 | rs = .88 NPQ rs = .79 NPDS rs = .54 HADS-D rs = .50 VAS-D rs = .48 VAS-P rs = .43 HADS-A rs = -.41 ROM (Flex-Ext) |
– | – |
| Wlodyka-Demaille et al, 2004 (French) [75] | Neck disorders >15 days | 71 | – | – | – | – | ES = .55 SRM = .55 |
– |
| Lee et al, 2006 (Korean) [29] | NP | 180 | – | α = .92 | ICC2,1 = .90 (95 % CI .81–.94) | – | ES = 1.04 (84 % CI .94–1.13) SRM = 1.17 (84 % CI 1.06–1.28) |
AUC = .79 (95 % CI .72–.86) |
| Vos et al, 2006 (Dutch) [30] | First time or recurrent NP | 79 | – | – | ICC = .90 (95 % CI .82–.95) LoA = -7.40 - + 7.92 |
– | MDC = 1.66 points SEM = 0.60 points Guyatt = 1.82 |
|
| Gay et al, 2007 (English) [59] |
NP >3 months | 23 | – | α = .72–.77 | – | rs = .77–.80 NBQ rs = .44–.45 VAS-P |
ES = 1.12 SRM = 1.21 |
– |
| Kose et al, 2007 (Turkish) [31] | NP >6 weeks | 102 | – | α = .90 | ICC = .86 | r = .71 VAS-D r = .65 VAS-P r = .58 Pain with palpation r = .50 Pain with motion r = -.41 ROM (Flex-Ext) r = -.41 ROM (Rot) |
SRM = .85–.86 | – |
| Mousavi et al, 2007 (Iranian) [32] | NP | 185 | – | α = .88 | ICC = .97 | rp = .86 NPDS rp = .71 VAS-P rp = -.70–-.36 SF-36 subscales |
– | – |
| Pool et al, 2007 (Dutch) [63] | NP and/or stiffness >2 weeks | 183 | – | – | – | – | MDC = 10.5 points | MCID = 3.5 points (Spec .70; Sens .90) |
| Cleland et al, 2008 (English) [60] |
NP | 138 | – | – | ICC2,1 = .50 (95 % CI .51–.87) rp = .56 |
– | MDC = 19.6 points SEM = 8.4 points |
MCID = 9.5 points (Spec .72; Sens .83) AUC = .83 (95 % CI .75–.90) |
| Trouli et al, 2008 (Greek) [33] | NP | 65 | 1 factor | α = .85 | ICC = .93 (95 % CI.84–.97) | – | MDC = 1.78 points SEM = .64 points | – |
| Chan et al, 2009 (English) [74] | Chronic NP | 20 | – | – | – | rp = .86 NPDS rp = .62 PET |
– | – |
| Telci et al, 2009 (Turkish) [36] | Chronic NP | 88 | – | – | ICC = .98 (CI 95 % = .97–.99) | rp = .62 VAS-P rp = .73 NPDS |
– | – |
| van der Velde et al, 2009 (English) [57] | Mechanical NP | 521 | RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #3 lifting, and #5 headache | – | – | NDI-8: rs = .42 Pain | – | – |
| Young et al, 2009 (English) [61] | Mechanical NP | 91 | – | – | ICC2,1 = .64 (95 % CI.19–.84) | – | MDC = 10.2 points SEM = 4.3 points | MCID = 7.5 points AUC = .79 (95 % CI .68-.89) |
| Andrade Ortega et al, 2010 (Spanish) [34] | NP | 175 | 1 factor | α = .89 | ICC = .98 (95 % CI.98–.99) | rp = .89 NPQ rp = .65 VAS-P |
– | – |
| Jorritsma et al, 2010 (Dutch) [70] |
NP >3 months | 32 | – | – | ICC = .84 (95 % CI.69–.92 LoA = ±6.5 |
– | – | – |
| Salo et al, 2010 (Finnish) [37] | NP | 101 | 1 factor | α = .85 | ICC = .94 (95 % CI.90–.96) | rp = .53 VAS-P rp = .43 DEPS |
– | – |
| Wu et al, 2010 (Chinese) [38] | NP >3 months | 125 | – | α = .89 | ICC = .95 | rp = .81 NPDS rp = -.76 to -.33 SF-36 subscales rp = .75 VAS-P |
– | – |
| Odole et al, 2011 (Nigerian) [35] | Mechanical NP | 32 | – | – | r = .97 | – | – | – |
| Pickering et al, 2011 (English) [55] | Mechanical NP | 88 | 1 factor: NP and dysfunction related to activities | – | – | – | – | – |
| Shakil et al, 2011 (Hindi) [39] | NP | 148 | – | α = .99 | ICC = .98 | – | – | – |
| Uthaikhup et al, 2011 (Thai) [40] | NP | 181 | 1 factor | α = .85 | ICC = .85 | rs = .64 VAS-P | MDC = 16.1 points SEM = 5.8 points |
– |
| Monticone et al, 2012 (Italian) [21] | Chronic NSNP >12 weeks | 101 | 2 factors: activity of daily living (F#1), pain and concentration (F#2) | α = .84 F#1: α = .82 F#2: α = .72 |
ICC = .85 (95 % CI.78–.89) F#1: ICC = .81 (95 % CI .73–.87) F#2: ICC = .83 (95 % CI .76–.88) |
rs = .69 NPDS rs = .55 HADS-D rs = .44 NRS rs = .42 HADS-A |
MDC = 3 points F#1: MDC = 1 F#2: MDC = 1 |
– |
| Kesiktas et al, 2012 (Turkish) [41] | NP | 30/185 | 1 factor | α = .88 | ICC = .87–1.0 | rs = .76 VAS-D rs = .62 HADS-D rs = .60 VAS-P rs = .58 HADS-A |
– | – |
| Jorritsma et al, 2012a (Dutch) [62] | Chronic NP | 125 | – | α = .83 | – | rp = .77 NPDS rp = -.63–.34 SF-36 subscales rp = .52 VAS-D rp = .43 VAS-P |
– | – |
| Jorritsma et al, 2012b (Dutch) [64] | Chronic NP | 125 | – | – | – | – | MDC: 8.4 points SEM: 3.0 points |
MCID: 3.5 points (Spec .66; Sens .74) AUC = .75 (95 % CI .64–.87) |
| Nakamaru et al, 2012 (Japanese) [43] |
NP (acute, subacute and chronic) | 110 | 2 factors: activities, symptoms | α = .88 | ICC = .91 (95 % CI.82–.85) | rp = -.51–.25 SF-36 subscales | MDC = 6.8 points SEM = 2.9 points | – |
| Luksanapruksa et al, 2012 (Thai) [42] | Outpatients with NP | 46 | 1 factor (activities) | α = .92 | ICC = .99 | rP = .89 VAS-P rP = -.43 SF-36 |
– | – |
| Ailliet et al, 2013 (Dutch) [44] |
NP | 338 | RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing item #6 concentration | – | – | rp = .75 DASH | – | – |
| Guzy et al, 2013 (Polish) [45] | NSNP >7 weeks | 95 | 2 factors | α = .82 F#1: α = .77 F#2: α = .73 |
ICC = .99 (95 % CI.98–.99) LoA = ±2.48 |
rp = .55 VAS-P | MDC = 5.96 points SEM = 2.15 points SRM = 1.61 |
MCID = 6.5 points (Spec .81; Sens.90) AUC = .91 (95 % CI .84–.97) |
| Johansen et al, 2013 (Norwegian) [46] |
NP | 249 | RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #1 pain, #5 headache, and #9 sleep | – | – | rp = .59 HSCL rp = .58 NRS NDI-7: rp = .56 NRS rp = .43 TSK NDI-7: rp = .54 HSCL |
– | – |
| Shaheen et al, 2013 (Arabic) [47] | Neck complaints | 65 | 2 factors: activity of daily living (F#1); pain and concentration (F#2) | α = .89 F#1: α = .86 F#2: α = .77 |
ICC2,1 = .96 (95 % CI .93–.97) F#1: ICC2,1 = .86 (95 % CI .52–.79) F#2: ICC2,1 = .77 (95 % CI .66–.85) rp = .92 |
– | – | – |
| Walton & MacDermid, 2013 (English) [58] | Mechanical NP | 316 | RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #1 pain, #3 lifting, #4 reading, #5 headache, and #9 sleep | – | ICC2,1 = .92 (95 % CI 85–.96) NDI-5: ICC2,1 = .94 (95 % CI.83–.86) |
rp = .71 NRS rp = .64 PCS rp = .53 TSK NDI-5: rp = .71 PCS NDI-5: rp = .67 NPRS NDI-5: rp = .54 TSK |
MDC90 = 4.5 points SEM = 1.95 points ES = .71 NDI-5: MDC90 = 2.7 points SEM = 1.15 points ES = .85 |
AUC = .76 (95 % CI .63–.89) NDI-5: AUC = .72 (95 % CI .59–.86) |
| Cramer et al, 2014 (German) [48] | Chronic NSNP >12 weeks | 558 | 1 factor | α = .81 | ICC = .81 (95 % CI.78–.83) | rs = -.45–-0.30 SF-36 subscales | – | – |
| Johansen et al, 2014 (Norwegian) [89] | NP | 255 | – | α = .83–.91 | ICC = .84 (95 % CI.72–.91) | – | MDC = 6.15 points SEM = 4.44 points |
MCID = 8.3 points AUC = .70 (95 % CI .58–.82) |
| Swanenburg et al, 2014 (German) [52] | Outpatients with NP | 49 | 2 factors | α = .96 | ICC(2,1) = .92 (95 % CI.84–.96) | rs = .55 VAS-P | MDC = 6.16 points SEM = 2.22 points |
– |
| Hung et al, 2015 (English) [56] |
Neck complaints | 865 | RA: unidimensionality is achieved by removing items #2 personal care, and #5 headache | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ailliet et al, 2015 (Dutch) [90] | NP | 337 | – | – | ICC = .88 LoA = -5.02– + 5.60 |
– | MDC = 5.40 points SEM = 1.95 points | MCID = 4.50 points AUC = .85 |
| Cruz, 2015 (Portuguese) [49] | Chronic NP (for at least 3 months) | 113 | 1 factor | α = .95 | ICC = .91 (95 % CI.87–.94) LoA = 1.59 ± 3.70 |
rs = .49 NRS | – | – |
| Joseph et al, 2015 (Marathi) [50] | NP > 3 months | 81 | – | α = .97 | ICC = .95 | r = .95 VAS-P | – | – |
| Monticone et al, 2015 (Italian) [24] | Outpatients with chronic NP | 200 | – | – | – | – | ES = .66 SRM = 1.09 GRI = .70 |
MCID = 3.5 points AUC = .96 (spec .81; sens .98) |
| Bakhtadze et al, 2015 (Russian) [51] | Acute (≤12 weeks) or chronic (≥12 week) NP | 80/109 | 2 factors | α = .83 F#1: α = .82 F#2: α = .66 |
ICC = .91 (95 % CI.86–.94) | rs = .62 GRS-P | MDC = 5.4 points | |
| Pereira et al, 2015 (Portuguese) [91] | Chronic NP | 108 | – | – | – | – | MDC95 = 12 points SEM = 4.27 points |
MCID = 5.5 points AUC = .59 (spec .57; sens .61) |
α Cronbach’s alpha, AUC area under the curve, CI confidence interval, DASH disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand questionnaire, DEPS depression scale, DRI disability rating index, ES effect size, Est extension, Flex flexion, GRI Guyatt’s responsiveness Index, GRS-P 11-point numerical graphic rating scale for pain, HADS-A hospital anxiety and depression scale of anxiety, HADS-D hospital anxiety and depression scale of depression, HSCL Hopkins symptom checklist–25, ICC intraclass correlation coefficient, k Cohen's kappa, LoA limits of agreement, MCID minimal clinically important difference, MDC minimal detectable change, MDC 90 minimal detectable change at the 90 % confidence level, MDC 95 minimal detectable change at the 95 % confidence level, NBQ neck Bournemouth questionnaire, NDI neck disability index, NP neck pain, NPDS neck pain and disability scale, NPQ northwick park questionnaire, NRS numeric rating scale, PCS pain catastrophizing scale, PET problem elicitation technique, r correlation coefficient, r p Pearson correlation coefficient, r s Spearman correlation coefficient, RA Rasch analysis, ROM range of motion, Rot rotation, SEM standard error of measurement, Sens sensitivity, SF-36 PF subscale the medical outcomes study 36-item short-form health survey physical functioning subscale, Spec specificity, SRM standardized response mean, TSK tampa scale for kinesiophobia, VAS-A visual analogue scale for activity, VAS-D visual analogue scale for disability, VAS-P visual analogue scale for pain