Table 4.

Serum Levels of Glycemic and Insulinemic Biomarkers at Baseline Compartment of Study and 8 Weeks After the Intervention in Women With BC Who Received Onion (HO Group) Versus LO Consumers.

Variable	LO (Placebo; n = 23), Mean ± SD	HO (Intervention; n = 23), Mean ± SD	Mean Differencea	P valuea	Absolute Treatment Effectb
					Mean [95% CI]	P Valuec
FBG (mg/dL)
Predose	91.1 ± 16.0d	106.6 ± 21.2	+15.5	.008	−5.04	.245
Week 8	100.6 ± 21.6	95.1 ± 13.6	−5.3	.313	[−3.58, 13.67]
Mean difference	+9.5e	−11.5
P valuee	.079	.014
Insulin (ng/mL)
Predose	0.198 ± 0.006	0.196 ± 0.005	−0.002	.235	−0.006	.009
Week 8	0.207 ± 0.018	0.197 ± 0.006	−0.010	.008	[−0.010, −0.002]
Mean difference	+0.009	+0.001
P value	0.123	0.523
HOMAIRf
Predose	0.045 ± 0.01	0.052 ± 0.011	+0.007	.017	0.001	.655
Week 8	0.051 ± 0.01	0.046 ± 0.006	−0.005	.080	[−0.003, 0.005]
Mean difference	+0.006	−0.005
P value	.025	.021
HOMAβg
Predose	226.1 ± 643.8	229.4 ± 188.6	3.2	.982	+19.64	.804
Week 8	259.5 ± 140.4	295.5 ± 226.6	35.9	.521	[−138.8, 178.0]
Mean difference	+33.4	+66.1
P value	.806	.207
QUICKIh
Predose	0.90 ± 0.20	0.90 ± 0.18	0.01	.938	+0.063	.028
Week 8	0.76 ± 0.14	0.89 ± 0.13	0.13	.002	[−0.004, 0.131]
Mean difference	−0.15	−0.011
P value	.012	.801
C-peptide (ng/mL)
Predose	2.07 ± 1.10	2.09 ± 0.91	0.02	.954	−0.27	.005
Week 8	3.14 ± 2.17	2.59 ± 1.41	0.55	.314	[−0.965, 0.430]
Mean difference	+1.07	+0.50
P value	.026	.096

Abbreviations: BC, breast cancer; LO, low onion group; HO, high onion group; FBG, fasting blood glucose.

^aIndependent sample t test was used to compare between 2 interventional groups. The mean difference of between groups was calculated for variables at (endpoint) − (baseline).

^bAbsolute treatment effect is an estimate of change from predose to follow-up in the HO group minus the absolute change from predose to follow-up in the LO group in a mixed model.

^cRepeated-measures ANOVA was carried out in the mixed model.

^dData are expressed in geometric mean ± SD.

^ePaired t test was performed to compare within-group changes. The mean difference within groups was calculated from averages of variables at (postdose) − (week 8).

^fHomeostatic model assessment.

^gAssessment of β-cell functionality.

^hQuantitative insulin sensitivity check index.