Table 4.
Multilevel Analysis of the Moderating Effects of Baseline Depressive Symptoms on Relations between 1) Stress (t0) and Lapse Risk (t2) and 2) Stress (t0) and Affect (t1). (Long Timeframe: 12-24 hours).
| a. The direct effects of stressful event and lapse risk within 24 hours (c path) with and without recent stressful event (t1) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Level-1, Report-Level Coefficient | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-value |
| Level-2, Individual-Level & Cross-Level Interaction Coefficient | |||
| Model of t2 Lapse Risk 30 minutes to 24 hours after Index Report (c path) | |||
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| |||
| Random Intercept: Mean Person-level Probability of Smoking at t2a | 0.169 | (0.079, 0.362) | 0.000** |
| Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence | 1.175 | (0.961, 1.436) | 0.116 |
| High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 2.700 | (1.087, 6.707) | 0.032* |
| Proportion of Stressful Event Reports | 1.03 | (0.059, 17.84) | 0.086 |
| t0 (Index Report) Stressful Event (Y/N): HD/LDb | 2.083/ 0.644 | (1.021,4.248)/ (0.326, 1.288) | 0.044* /0.216 |
| t0 Stressful Event X High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 3.213 | (1.234, 8.369) | 0.017* |
| t-1 Negative Affect 15-min. to 12 hrs. pre-index | 1.251 | (1.049, 1.493) | 0.013* |
| t-1 Positive Affect 15-min. to 12 hrs. pre-index Random Slope | 0.934 | (0.745, 1.171) | 0.556 |
| t0 (Index Report) Negative Affect | 0.800 | (0.664, 0.965) | 0.020* |
| t0 (Index Report) Positive Affect | 1.032 | (0.860, 1.238) | 0.737 |
| t1 Recent Smoking Status (between index and t1) Random Slope (Y/N) | 2.938 | (1.944, 4.441) | 0.000** |
| t0 (Index Report) Smoking within 2hrs. pre-index (Y/N) | 2.169 | (1.593, 2.954) | 0.000** |
| t-1 Previous Smoking Status (Y/N) | 1.713 | (1.401, 2.094) | 0.000** |
| Minutes between t0 and t2 Reports Random Slope | 1.000 | (0.999, 1.001) | 0.333 |
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| b path - entered into c path model abovec | |||
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| t1 Negative Affect 15-min. to 12 hrs. post-index- main effect | 1.400 | (1.184, 1.655) | 0.000** |
| t1 Negative Affect X High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 1.231 | (0.896, 1.691) | 0.201 |
| t1 Positive Affect 15-min. to 12 hrs. post-index - main effect | 1.125 | (0.948, 1.337) | 0.177 |
| t1 Positive Affect X High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 1.088 | (0.774, 1.529) | 0.627 |
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| Model of t1 Lapse Risk 30 minutes to 24 hours after Index Report (c path) with stressful event at t1 | |||
|
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| Random Intercept: Mean Person-level Probability of Smoking at t2a | 0.058 | (0.035, 0.096) | 0.000** |
| Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence | 1.176 | (0.958, 1.443) | 0.122 |
| High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 2.805 | (1.110, 7.089) | 0.029* |
| Proportion of Stressful Event Reports | 1.016 | (0.502, 2.059) | 0.278 |
| t0 (Index Report) Stressful Event: HD/LDb | 1.570/ 0.535 | (0.748, 3.296)/ (0.264, 1.084) | 0.233/ 0.082 |
| t0 Stressful Event X High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 2.934 | (1.108, 7.771) | 0.030* |
| t1 Recent stressful event (within 2 hrs. preceding t1 report: Y/N) | 2.358 | (1.483, 3.749) | 0.000** |
| t-1 Negative Affect 15-min. to 12 hrs. pre-index | 1.245 | (1.042, 1.487) | 0.016* |
| t-1 Positive Affect 15-min. to 12 hrs. pre-index Random Slope | 0.930 | (0.743, 1,165) | 0.529 |
| t0 (Index Report) Negative Affect | 0.791 | (0.654, 0.955) | 0.015* |
| t0 (Index Report) Positive Affect | 1.048 | (0.873, 1.259) | 0.615 |
| t1 Recent Smoking Status (between index and t1) Random Slope (Y/N) | 2.703 | (1.775, 4.116) | 0.000** |
| t0 (Index Report) Smoking within 2hrs. pre-index (Y/N) | 2.201 | (1.613, 3.005) | 0.000** |
| t-1 Previous Smoking Status (Y/N) | 1.731 | (1.292, 2.319) | 0.000** |
| Minutes between t0 and t2 Reports Random Slope | 1.000 | (0.999,1.001) | 0.325 |
| b. The effect of stressful event on negative affect within 2 hours (a path) with and without recent stressful event (t1) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Level-1, Report-Level Coefficient | Estimate | Standard Error | p-value |
| Level-2, Individual-Level & Cross-Level Interaction Coefficient | |||
| Model of t1 Negative Affect 15 minutes to 12 hours after Index Report (a path) | |||
|
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| Random Intercept: Mean Negative Affect at t1a | 0.139 | 0.076 | 0.068 |
| High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 0.223 | 0.088 | 0.011* |
| Proportion of Stressful Event Reports | 0.010 | 0.034 | 0.005 |
| t0 (Index Report) Stressful Event (Y/N): HD/LDb | 0.206/ 0.006 | 0.073/ 0.006 | 0.005*/0.915 |
| t0 Stressful Event X High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 0.199 | 0.092 | 0.030* |
| t0 (Index Report): Negative Affect | 0.308 | 0.018 | 0.000** |
| t-1 Negative Affect 15-min. to 12 hrs. pre-index Random Slope | 0.181 | 0.021 | 0.000** |
| t1 Recent Smoking Status (between index and t1) Random Slope (Y/N) | 0.127 | 0.038 | 0.000** |
| t0 (Index Report) Smoking within 2hrs. pre-index Random Slope (Y/N) | -0.062 | 0.046 | 0.181 |
| t-1 Previous Smoking Status (Y/N) | -0.062 | 0.033 | 0.059 |
| Minutes between t0 and t1 Reports | -0.0001 | 0.000 | 0.011* |
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| Model of t1 Negative Affect 15 minutes to 12 hours after Index Report (a path) with stressful event at t1 | |||
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| Random Intercept: Mean Positive Affect at t1a | 0.103 | 0.078 | 0.086 |
| High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 0.242 | 0.090 | 0.007** |
| Proportion of Stressful Event Reports | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.326 |
| t0 (Index Report) Stressful Event (Y/N): HD/LDb | 0.040/ 0.112 | 0.071/ 0.057 | 0.573/0.033* |
| t0 Stressful Event X High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 0.082 | 0.088 | 0.353 |
| t1 Recent stressful event (within 2 hrs. preceding t1 report: Y/N) | 0.780 | 0.044 | 0.000** |
| t0 (Index Report): Negative Affect | 0.296 | 0.017 | 0.000** |
| t-1 Negative Affect 15-min. to 12 hrs. pre-index Random Slope | 0.173 | 0.020 | 0.000** |
| t1 Recent Smoking Status (between index and t1) Random Slope (Y/N) | 0.047 | 0.036 | 0.197 |
| t0 (Index Report) Smoking within 2hrs. pre-index Random Slope (Y/N) | -0.048 | 0.042 | 0.262 |
| t-1 Previous Smoking Status (Y/N) | -0.048 | 0.032 | 0.131 |
| Minutes between t0 and t1 Reports | -0.0001 | 0.000 | 0.037* |
| c. Tde effect of stressful events on positive affect witdin 2 hours (a patd), witd and witdout a recent stressful event (t1) covariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Level-1, Report-Level Coefficient | Estimate | Standard Error | P-value |
| Level-2, Individual-Level & Cross-Level Interaction Coefficient | |||
| Model of t1 Positive Affect 15 minutes to 12 hours after Index Report (a path) | |||
|
| |||
| Random Intercept: Mean Positive Affect at t1a | 0.154 | 0.121 | 0.203 |
| High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 0.235 | 0.143 | 0.076 |
| Proportion of Stressful Event Reports | -0.002 | 0.005 | 0.688 |
| t0 (Index Report) Stressful Event (Y/N): HD/LDb | -0.239/-0.022 | 0.075/0.059 | 0.001* /0.709 |
| t0 Stressful Event X High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | -0.217 | 0.094 | 0.021* |
| t0 (Index Report): Positive Affect | 0.216 | 0.018 | 0.000** |
| t-1 Positive Affect 15-min. to 12 hrs. pre-index Random Slope | 0.127 | 0.020 | 0.000** |
| t1 Recent Smoking Status (between index and t1) (Y/N) | -0.087 | 0.036 | 0.014* |
| t0 (Index Report) Smoking within 2hrs. pre-index (Y/N) | -0.028 | -0.038 | 0.448 |
| t-1 Previous Smoking Status (Y/N) | -0.003 | 0.042 | 0.942 |
| Minutes between t0 and t1 Reports | -0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.385 |
|
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| Model of t1 Positive Affect 15 minutes to 12 hours after Index Report (a path) with stressful event at t1 | |||
|
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| Random Intercept: Mean Positive Affect at t1 a | -0.137 | 0.121 | 0.261 |
| High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | 0.262 | 0.143 | 0.067 |
| Proportion of Stressful Event Reports | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.689 |
| t0 (Index Report) Stressful Event (Y/N): HD/LDb | -0.099/ 0.052 | 0.075/ 0.059 | 0.189/0.376 |
| t0 Stressful Event X High Depressive Symptoms (vs. Low) | -0.151 | 0.093 | 0.105 |
| t1 Recent stressful event (within 2 hrs. preceding t1report: Y/N) | -0.412 | 0.047 | 0.000** |
| t0 (Index Report): Positive Affect | 0.210 | 0.018 | 0.000** |
| t-1 Positive Affect 15-min. to 12 hrs. pre-index Random Slope | 0.125 | 0.020 | 0.000** |
| t1 Recent Smoking Status (between index and t1) (Y/N) | -0.043 | 0.036 | 0.228 |
| t0 (Index Report) Smoking within 2hrs. pre-index (Y/N) | -0.033 | 0.037 | 0.371 |
| t-1 Previous Smoking Status (Y/N) | -0.009 | 0.034 | 0.798 |
| Minutes between t0 and t1 Reports | -0.000 | 0.000 | 0.236 |
Note:
The variables that are left aligned are Level-1 (report: within-subject) variables and those that are right aligned are Level-2 (individual: between-subject) variables and cross-level interaction terms.
Proportion of stressful events: this variable was multiplied by 100 before entered into the model in order to interpret the changes in estimate or odds ratio per 1% increment in the proportion of the stressful event reports.
Radom Slope: Specified as a random coefficient. All other predictors were treated as fixed to facilitate model convergence.
t-1 = Report 15 minutes and 12 hours preceding index report t0 = Index report
t1 = Report 15 minutes to 12 hours after index report
t2 = Report 15 minutes to 12 hours after t1 report (& 30 minutes to 24 hours after index report)
a
Mean affect when all variables in the model are at zero (for the continuous variables, zero reflects the overall mean).
b
Models were run twice with different reference groups to estimate simple main effects of stress within LD or HD smokers. The coefficients for stressful events at the index report can be interpreted as the effects of stressful event on smoking within 24 hours among either HD or LD.
c
In order to test the b paths, negative affect and positive affect at index were first entered into the model (presented as main effects) and then cross-level interactions between depressive symptoms (level 2) and affect (level 1) were entered into the model. For simplicity, the other variables in the model are not presented.
*
p<.05,
**
p <.001