Figure 1. A single application of B cells at the time of lesion accelerates wound healing in WT and diabetic mice.

A. Wound closure rate in WT animals. After lesioning and treatment application, the area of the open wound or visible scar was measured every 2 days. Wounds treated with B cells immediately after the injury showed significantly faster reduction in size and a smaller scar surface at the end point of the experiments as compared to T cell or saline treated controls. Edema and inflammation can cause an initial enlargement of the wound area, although this was mostly observed in wounds treated with saline dressing only. Data are derived from 6 independent experiments. Significance was assessed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001. B. Representative examples of wound closure illustrating the effect of the B cell treatment at key time points after wound induction and treatment. Inner diameter of silicone splints = 7 mm. C. Wound closure rate in db/db animals. After lesioning and treatment application, the area of the open wound or visible scar, respectively, was measured every 2–4 days. Wounds treated with B cells isolated from either WT or diabetic mouse spleen immediately after the injury showed significantly faster reduction in size and a smaller scar surface at the end point of the experiments, with more wounds fully closed. Data are derived from 6 independent experiments. Significance was assessed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001, B cells vs. all other treatments; ## p < 0.01; ### p < 0.001, HSC vs. saline. D. Representative examples of wound closure in diabetic animals illustrating the effect of the B cell treatment versus controls at key time points after wound induction and treatment. Full closure of the wounds was commonly observed in the B cell treated groups, while lasting chronic ulcers, showing characteristic rounded edges (arrows) were apparent in wounds treated with saline, T cells, or HSCs. E. Wound closure rate after lesioning and treatment of the wound with B cells homogenized through sonication shows a modest benefit as compared to saline control at intermediate time points during the wound healing time course. Wounds treated with live B cells immediately after the injury showed the expected rapid reduction in size and a smaller scar surface at the end point of the experiments. Data are derived from 2 independent experiments. Significance was assessed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001. F. Representative examples of wound closure illustrating the effect of the live B cell treatment as compared to cell lysate or saline at key time points after wound induction and treatment. Inner diameter of silicone splints = 7 mm.