Figure 4.

Procyanidin suppressed the NF-κB signaling pathway in THP-1 cells. THP-1 cells were treated with different concentrations of procyanidin (0.3, 1, 3, 10 µM) in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/ml) for 30 min. (A) Protein levels of p-p65, p65, p-IKKα/β, IKKα, IKKβ, p-IκBα, and IκBα were determined by western blot. (B) Subcellular localization of p-p65 was examined by immunofluorescence by a confocal microscope. (C–E) mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured 6 h after LPS stimulation by real-time PCR. ^##P < 0.01 vs. vehicle group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. LPS group.