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. 2018 Jan 9;8:192. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18496-3

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Three-dimensional structure of biofilms stained by live/dead viability staining kit. Green fluorescence indicates viable cells, whereas red fluorescence indicates dead cells. The images were three-dimensionally reconstructed using the Imaris software (Bitplane, http://www.bitplane.com) based on CLSM data at approximately 0.5 μm increments. MB: microbubble treatment without ultrasound, US: ultrasonic treatment. White arrows indicate the more gathered dead cells around the craters.

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