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. 2018 Jan 9;8:136. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18300-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of arbitrary classification, and thus loss of natural heterogeneity, was examined using a discriminant function analysis (DFA) and brain/behavior relationship. (A) The ability of gap threshold detection to classify HIV-1 Tg and control animals is illustrated as a function of the canonical variable (canonical correlation 0.74) and correctly identified (jackknife classification) group membership with 87.2% accuracy. (B) However, when HIV-1 Tg animals were arbitrarily classified into two groups (Positive Change Score (i.e., improvement in temporal processing) vs. Negative Change Score (i.e., temporal processing impairment)), dramatic reductions (i.e., 69.2% accuracy) in accurately identifying group members (jackknife classification) were observed. (C) A brain-behavior relationship between the slope (±95% Confidence Interval) of the auditory threshold detection curve was observed in HIV-1 Tg animals, but not control animals. In HIV-1 Tg animals, a linear increased in backbone length (µm) was observed as the slope of the auditory threshold detection curve approached 0.