Table 1.
Sex differences in baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | Men (n = 2,044) | Women (n = 2,342) | P values | Cohen’s D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and life style factors | ||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 52.6 (14.4) | 54.7 (12.9) | <0.001 | 0.15 |
| Age (years), n (%) | <0.001 | 0.29 | ||
| ≤39 | 460 (22.5) | 319 (13.6) | ||
| 40–49 | 303 (14.8) | 289 (12.4) | ||
| 50–59 | 489 (23.9) | 784 (33.5) | ||
| 60–69 | 597 (29.2) | 755 (32.2) | ||
| ≥70 | 195 (9.6) | 195 (8.3) | ||
| Education (years), n (%) | 0.999 | 0.00 | ||
| ≤6 | 172 (8.4) | 197 (8.4) | ||
| 07-Sep | 496 (24.3) | 570 (24.3) | ||
| 10-Dec | 516 (25.2) | 592 (25.3) | ||
| >12 | 860 (42.1) | 983 (42.0) | ||
| Residence, n (%) | 0.870 | 0.01 | ||
| Urban | 1,649 (80.7) | 1,894 (80.9) | ||
| Rural | 395 (19.3) | 448 (19.1) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.2 (3.1) | 23.0 (3.4) | <0.001 | 0.37 |
| BMI, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.31 | ||
| <25 | 1,313 (64.2) | 1,834 (78.3) | ||
| 25–30 | 649 (31.8) | 412 (17.6) | ||
| >30 | 82 (4.0) | 96 (4.1) | ||
| Exercise habit, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.26 | ||
| ≤3 times/week | 857 (41.9) | 1,281 (54.7) | ||
| >3 times/week | 1,187 (58.1) | 1,061 (45.3) | ||
| Red Meat, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.32 | ||
| <100 g/d | 1,594 (78.0) | 2,138 (91.3) | ||
| ≥100 g/d | 450 (22.0) | 204 (8.7) | ||
| Smoking index, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.85 | ||
| Nonsmoker | 1,162 (56.8) | 2,314 (98.8) | ||
| <400 | 294 (14.4) | 12 (0.5) | ||
| ≥400 | 588 (28.8) | 16 (0.7) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.54 | ||
| Non-drinker | 1,548 (75.7) | 2,315 (98.8) | ||
| Light/Moderate drinker (1–350 g/week) | 96 (4.7) | 27 (1.2) | ||
| Heavy drinker (≥351 g/week) | 400 (19.6) | 0 (0) | ||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 371 (18.2) | 428 (18.3) | 0.915 | 0.00 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 151 (7.4) | 143 (6.1) | 0.09 | 0.05 |
| Coronary heart disease | 94 (4.6) | 111 (4.7) | 0.826 | 0.00 |
| Colonic polyps | 1,030 (50.4) | 919 (39.2) | <0.001 | 0.22 |
| Upper gastrointestinal diseasesa | 151 (7.4) | 164 (7.0) | 0.622 | 0.02 |
| Hepato-biliary diseasesb | 92 (4.5) | 86 (3.7) | 0.165 | 0.04 |
| Dyslipidemia | 46 (2.3) | 64 (2.7) | 0.308 | 0.03 |
| Rheumatologic diseasesc | 46 (2.3) | 43 (1.8) | 0.331 | 0.03 |
| Miscellaneousd | 186 (9.1) | 203 (8.7) | 0.616 | 0.01 |
| Medication, n (%) | ||||
| NSAIDs | 115 (5.6) | 125 (5.3) | 0.675 | 0.01 |
| Corticosteroid | 25 (1.2) | 32 (1.4) | 0.676 | 0.02 |
| PPIs | 123 (6.0) | 169 (7.2) | 0.112 | 0.05 |
| Mucosal protective drugs | 432 (21.1) | 607 (25.9) | <0.001 | 0.12 |
| Antihypertension drugs | 363 (17.8) | 422 (18.0) | 0.823 | 0.01 |
| Hypoglycemic medications | 149 (7.3) | 138 (5.9) | 0.62 | 0.05 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number (percentage).
BMI body mass index, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PPIs proton pump inhibitors.
aReflux esophagitis, atrophic gastritis, chronic gastritis, etc.
bCholelithiasis and fatty liver disease.
cRheumatoid arthritis and gout.
dOsteoporosis, arrhythmia, cerebral infarction, thyroid diseases, prostate diseases, etc.