The maternal i.m. MVA gp120 prime–i.m.-i.n. gp120 boost regimen elicited high plasma gp120-specific IgG and milk IgA levels in rhesus monkey dams, including Abs against the critical gp120 epitopes V3, V1V2, and C1. Depicted are maternal vaccine-elicited 1086.C gp120-specific IgG (A) and IgA (B) responses in uninfected dams primed with a 1086.C-expressing MVA, followed by three successive i.m.-i.n. boosts during the second trimester of pregnancy and immediately postpartum. Data points represent median values for nine dams, and error bars represent ranges. Two dams delivered stillborns, and thus, responses in breast milk are unavailable for these animals. (C) Breadth and epitope specificity of responses to linear (denoted as linear) and conformational epitopes of gp120 at immunization week 18 after postpartum boosting. Maternal IgG (left panel) and IgA (right panel) are depicted for each individual dam, represented by a single column. Dams are displayed in the same order for IgG and IgA. There was not enough breast milk available from two dams to characterize their responses.