Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the study population (n = 206)
| Characteristics | Mean ± SD/Frequency (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Boys (n = 96) | Girls (n = 110) | |
| Maternal | ||
| Age, years | 29.3 ± 4.4 | 29.5 ± 4.4 |
| Pre-gestational BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 4.6 | 24.2 ± 5.2 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never-smoker | 64 (66.7) | 79 (72.2) |
| Past-smoker | 16 (16.7) | 18 (16.5) |
| Current-smoker | 16 (16.7) | 13 (11.3) |
| Parity | ||
| 1 | 47 (49.0) | 57 (51.8) |
| 2 | 37 (38.5) | 45 (40.9) |
| ≥ 3 | 12 (12.5) | 8 (7.3) |
| Education | ||
| Low | 13 (13.8) | 10 (9.2) |
| Middle | 37 (39.4) | 29 (26.6) |
| High | 44 (46.8) | 71 (64.2) |
| Newborn | ||
| Gestational age, weeks | 39.2 ± 1.4 | 39.3 ± 1.2 |
| Birth weight, g | 3483 ± 483 | 3385 ± 410 |
| Ponderal index, kg/m3 × 100 | 2.63 ± 0.24 | 2.72 ± 0.24 |
| Ethnicity | ||
| European-Caucasian | 85 (88.5) | 101 (91.74) |
| Non-European | 11 (11.5) | 9 (8.26) |
| C-section | 3 (3.1) | 3 (2.6) |