Table 2.

Stunting at 2 years of life and adult human capital in Guatemala: Instrumental variable analysis (n = 1338).⁺⁺⁺⁺

Adults who were stunted at 2 y:	Coefficient	95% C.I.	P
Left school earlier	−3.1 years	(−5.9, −0.4)	P = 0.026
Have less schooling	−4.6 grades	(−7.8, −1.5)	P = 0.004
Have lower reading scores+	−1.3 SD	(−2.3, −0.3)	P = 0.003
Are less intelligent++	−1.1 SD	(−2.0, −0.3)	P = 0.006
Have lower per capita household expenditure	−53%	(−73, −18)	P = 0.006
Gave a greater probability of living in poverty+++	42 pp	(2, 82)	P = 0.040

⁺Inter-American Series test score of reading and vocabulary, standardized with mean ± SD of 0 ± 1 in the sample.

⁺⁺Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices test score, standardized with a mean ± SD of 0 ± 1 in the sample.

⁺⁺⁺Per capita household expenditure below the poverty line for Guatemala; pp, percentage points.

⁺⁺⁺⁺Source of data: Hoddinott J, Behrman JR, Maluccio JA, Melgar P, Quisimbing AR, Ramirez-Zea M, Stein AD, Yount KM, Martorell R. 2013. Adult consequences of growth failure in early childhood. Am J Clin Nutr 98(5):1170–8.