Table 6.
Indicator species analysis results showing plant species and genera associated with deer access or with deer exclusion in east-central and north-eastern USA. Introduced species are in bold type. Indicator values range from 0 (no indication of association with treatment) to 100 (perfect indication) and were determined according to species’ presence/absence (p/a) and the metric used to record abundance, density and/or cover. The number of plots and sites where each species was observed is included to indicate frequency and distribution across the 23 sites analysed. Results are arranged by deer access/exclusion, then by indicator value and then by P value; each species’ results are listed together.
| Species | Habita | Abundance measurement | Indicator value | P value | # Plots | # Sites | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deer access | Microstegium vimineum | Graminoid | Cover | 35 | <0.001 | 146 | 13 |
| p/a | 23 | 0.02 | 148 | 14 | |||
| Alliaria petiolata | Forb/herb | Density | 29 | 0.02 | 133 | 9 | |
| Polygonum | Density | 13 | 0.05 | 47 | 7 | ||
| Pilea pumila | Forb/herb | Density | 11 | 0.01 | 33 | 5 | |
| p/a | 8 | 0.04 | 40 | 9 | |||
| Oxalis | Density | 8 | 0.04 | 26 | 6 | ||
| Oxalis stricta | Forb/herb | Density | 8 | 0.02 | 21 | 4 | |
| Perilla frutescens | Forb/herb | p/a | 6 | 0.04 | 26 | 7 | |
| Acalypha rhomboidea | Forb/herb | Density | 5 | 0.009 | 9 | 2 | |
| p/a | 3 | 0.02 | 9 | 2 | |||
| Cinna arundinacea | Graminoid | Cover | 3 | 0.03 | 7 | 2 | |
| Prenanthes | Cover | 3 | 0.04 | 7 | 3 | ||
| Solanum | Density | 3 | 0.05 | 4 | 4 | ||
| Deer exclusion | Lonicera japonica | Vine | Density | 25 | 0.05 | 118 | 9 |
| Cover | 16 | 0.01 | 67 | 6 | |||
| Parthenocissus quinquefolia | Vine | Cover | 25 | 0.01 | 111 | 11 | |
| Prunus serotina | Tree, shrub | p/a | 24 | 0.009 | 159 | 19 | |
| Toxicodendron radicans | Shrub, forb/herb, subshrub, vine | Density | 20 | 0.04 | 86 | 9 | |
| Rosa multiflora | Vine, subshrub | p/a | 14 | 0.03 | 81 | 11 | |
| Cover | 8 | 0.03 | 28 | 6 | |||
| Maianthemum racemosum | Forb/herb | Cover | 13 | <0.001 | 42 | 12 | |
| p/a | 12 | 0.007 | 61 | 16 | |||
| Density | 8 | 0.02 | 23 | 5 | |||
| Ulmus rubra | Tree | Density | 13 | 0.008 | 45 | 8 | |
| p/a | 12 | 0.005 | 56 | 9 | |||
| Rubus | p/a | 13 | 0.03 | 77 | 13 | ||
| Viburnum acerifolium | Shrub, subshrub | Cover | 11 | 0.001 | 28 | 8 | |
| p/a | 10 | 0.001 | 37 | 10 | |||
| Carya cordiformis | Tree | Density | 11 | 0.004 | 31 | 8 | |
| p/a | 10 | 0.01 | 47 | 13 | |||
| Quercus rubra | Tree | Density | 11 | 0.01 | 33 | 7 | |
| Polygonatum biflorum | Forb/herb | Cover | 10 | 0.03 | 30 | 10 | |
| p/a | 8 | 0.02 | 37 | 13 | |||
| Carya alba | Tree | p/a | 6 | 0.03 | 28 | 10 | |
| Density | 6 | 0.03 | 17 | 7 | |||
| Cover | 5 | 0.05 | 16 | 4 | |||
| Actaea racemosa | Forb/herb | Cover | 5 | 0.03 | 12 | 5 | |
| Rhododendron periclymenoides | Shrub | p/a | 4 | 0.02 | 10 | 4 | |
| Cover | 3 | 0.03 | 6 | 2 | |||
| Euthamia graminifolia | Forb/herb | Cover | 3 | 0.03 | 6 | 1 | |
| p/a | 3 | 0.03 | 6 | 1 | |||
| Circaea alpina | Forb/herb | Cover | 3 | 0.03 | 6 | 1 | |
| p/a | 3 | 0.03 | 6 | 1 | |||
| Lonicera maackii | Shrub | p/a | 3 | 0.01 | 7 | 3 | |
| Rubus pensilvanicus | Subshrub | p/a | 3 | 0.03 | 6 | 3 |
aThe native status based on genus alone is unknown.