Table 1.

Examples of nanocarriers loaded with therapeutic or imaging agents for CED

Nanocarrier	Material	Encapsulated agent	Significant results	Ref
Nanoparticle	PLGA	Camptothecin	Improved median survival (22 days vs. 15 days) with 30% long-term survivors in 9L rat model	[23]
	PLGA	Carboplatin	Increased tumor cytotoxicity, reduced neurotoxicity, increased retention in rat and porcine models	[24]
	PLGA	Dithiazanine iodide	Brain-penetrating NPs inhibited growth of brain cancer stem cells and provided survival benefit in rats	[12]
	PEG-PLGA	Paclitaxel	PEGylated NPs provided enhanced distribution and tumor growth suppression in 9L rat model	[30]
	PEG-poly(aspartic acid)	Cisplatin	Reduced neurotoxicity of cisplatin with controlled release, and significantly enhanced survival (80% long-term survivors)	[31]
	Squalenoyl-PEG	Gemcitabine	PEGylated squalene NPs provided radiosensitization and survival benefit in RG2 rat model	[32]
	Poly(β-aminoester)	HSV thymidine kinase DNA	Achieved intratumoral transfection with and extended survival in 9L rat model	[35]
	PEG-poly-L-lysine	DNA	PEGylation of NPs improved distribution and efficient transfection in vivo	[38]
	Fe(Salen)	-	Combination with alternating magnetic field exposure provided greater anti-tumor effect (combined hyperthermia-chemotherapy)	[41]
	PLGA	SPIO	Enabled visualization of NP distribution in the rat brain by MRI, with long-lasting signal attenuation	[49]
	PEG-PLA-PCL	Temozolomide, magnetite	Multifunctional NPs were used to monitor NP distribution with MRI and prolonged survival of mice with U87 intracranial tumors	[52]
	Iron oxide	EGFRvIII antibody	Provided selective MRI contrast enhancement of tumor cells and targeted therapy in mouse model	[101]
Liposome	Dioleoyl lecithin, cholesterol, PEG2000 PE	Gadolinium	Enabled in vivo monitoring of complete tumor coverage and co-infusion with Doxil	[46]
	DSPC, cholesterol, PEG2000 PE	Irinotecan	Showed greater anti-tumor activity and survival benefit with CED of liposomal irinotecan plus radiation in mouse model	[26]
	DSPC, cholesterol	Rhenium-186	Real-time visualization by SPECT; brachytherapy resulted in enhanced median survival (126 days vs. 49 days) in rat model	[39]
	DOPC, cholesterol, PEG-DSG	Gadolinium	CED and real-time MRI monitoring allowed visualization of distribution in non-human primate brain	[47]
	PEG-transferrin	Sodium borocaptate, lomeprol	Targeted boron to tumor tissue and enabled real-time CT imaging, with signal lasting over 72h	[54]
Lipidoid telodendrimer	Lipid-polymer hybrid	Truncated diphtheria toxin	Improved intratumoral distribution; achieved delivery of active proteins and tumor growth inhibition in mice with U87 tumors	[29]
Lipid nanocapsule	Chitosan	siRNAs against Galectin-1 and EGFR	Combination therapy of siRNA-LNCs and TMZ enhanced survival of mice with U87 tumors	[36]
	Lipoid	Rhenium-188	Internal radiotherapy enhanced survival in mice witih orthotopic GBM tumors (50% long-term survivors)	[40]
Nanodiamond	Diamond	Doxorubicin	Enhanced DOX retention, localized toxicity and prolonged survival in rat model	[27]
Micelle	Poloxamer407	Panobinostat	100% survival after a single infusion in F89 rat model	[28]
	PEG-poly(glutamic acid)	SN-38	Enhanced distribution and median survival in rat models, with minimal neurotoxicity	[53]