Table XIIIs.

Sacral reflexes in parkinsonisms.

Reference	Objective	No. of patients	Sex	Test	Technique	Results	Evidence
Stocchi et al., 1997	To determine the diagnostic value of the BCR in the differential diagnosis between MSA and IPD	32 MSA; 30 IPD	19M;	BCR 18M		N: 100% in MSA; N: 100% in IPD	Class 2
Pellegrinetti et al., 2003	To determine the diagnostic value of the PAR in MSA	13	7 M	PAR	Single electrical	↑ Lat: 54%	Class 2
Wang et al., 2016	To determine the diagnostic value of the BCR in MSA	51	27M	BCR	Single electrical	↓ elicitation rate; ↑ mean Lat; ↓ mean Amp	Class 2

Abbreviations: BCR=bulbocavernosus reflex; PAR=pudendal-anal reflex; MSA=multiple system atrophy; IPD=idiopathic Parkinson’s disease; M=male; N=normal results; Lat=latency; Amp=amplitude.