Table XIIs.
Sacral reflexes in spinal cord lesions
| Reference | Objective | No. of patients | Sex | Test | Technique | Results | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ertekin and Reel, 1976 | To determine the diagnostic value of the BCR in suprasacral spinal cord lesions | 19 | M | BCR | Single electrical | mean Lat: N.D. | Class 2 |
| Krane and Siroky, 1980 | To determine the diagnostic value of the BCR in suprasacral spinal cord lesions | 15 | M | BCR | Single electrical | ↓ mean Lat, ↓ mean Thr | Class 2 |
| Awad et al., 1981 | To determine the diagnostic value of the PUR in suprasacral spinal cord lesions | 8 | PUR | Single electrical | ↑ mean Lat | Class 2 | |
| Blaivas et al., 1981 | To determine the diagnostic value of the PUR in suprasacral spinal cord lesions | 99 | 61M | PUR | Mechanical | Ab: 7% | Class 2 |
| Bilkey et al., 1983 | To determine the diagnostic value of the PUR in suprasacral spinal cord lesions | 44 | PUR | Single electrical | ↓ mean Lat | Class 2 | |
| Dykstra et al., 1987 | To determine the diagnostic value of the PUR in suprasacral spinal cord lesions | 17 | PUR | Single electrical; Mechanical | mean Lat: N.D. | Class 2 | |
| Kirkeby et al., 1988 | To determine the diagnostic value of the PAR in patients with MS and EDs | 29 | M | PAR | Train of 5 electrical stimuli | ↑ Lat: 28% | Class 2 |
| Eardley et al., 1991 | To determine the diagnostic value of the PUR in patients with MS and urinary symptoms | 9 | M | PUR | Single electrical | mean Lat: N.D. | Class 2 |
| Moon et al., 1993 | To determine the diagnostic value of the BCR in patients with suprasacral spinal cord lesions and EDs | 41 | M | BCR | Single electrical | ↑ Lat: 5% | Class 2 |
| Koldewijn et al., 1994 | To determine the diagnostic value of the PAR and UAR in suprasacral spinal cord lesions | 73 | 54M | PAR, UAR | Single electrical | PAR: Ab 22%, ↑ Lat 25%; UAR: Ab 23%, ↑ Lat 11% | Class 2 |
| Ghezzi et al., 1995 | To determine the diagnostic value of the BCR in MS and the association between BCR and EDs | 34 | M | BCR | Single electrical | ↑ Lat: 9% | Class 2 |
| Rodi et al., 1996 b | To determine the diagnostic value of the PAR in patients with MS and urinary symptoms | 21 | 8M | PAR | Single electrical | ↑ Lat: 33% | Class 2 |
| Schmid et al., 2003 | To assess the association between the BCR, lesion level and EDs in suprasacral spinal cord lesions | 23 | M | BCR | Single electrical | N: 100% | Class 2 |
| Ashraf et al., 2005 | To determine the diagnostic value of the BCR in suprasacral spinal cord lesions and the association between the BCR and EDs | 40 | M | BCR | Single electrical | Ab: 5%, ↑ Lat: 7% | Class 3 |
| Tas et al., 2007 | To assess the association between the BCR, lesion level and EDs in suprasacral spinal cord lesions | 17 | 14M | BCR | Single electrical | N: 100% | Class 2 |
| Niu et al., 2010 | To determine the diagnostic value of the BCR in suprasacral spinal cord lesions | 30 | F | BCR | Single electrical | ↑ Lat: 8% | Class 2 |
| Podnar, 2011 | To determine the diagnostic value of the BCR in chronic suprasacral spinal cord lesions | 16 | M | BCR | Single electrical; Double electrical | ↓ Thr: 25% | Class 1 |
| Tankisi et al., 2016 | To determine the diagnostic value of the BCR in chronic suprasacral SCI | 12 | 11M | BCR | Single electrical; | ↑ Lat: 8% | Class 2 |
Abbreviations: BCR=bulbocavernosus reflex; PUR=pudendal-urethral reflex; PAR=pudendal-anal reflex; UAR=urethral-anal reflex; MS=multiple sclerosis; SCI=spinal cord injury; EDs=erectile dysfunctions; M=male; F=female; Lat=latency; N.D. =not significantly different from normal values; Thr=reflex threshold; Ab=absent response; N=normal results.