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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biomaterials. 2017 Sep 17;148:16–30. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.017

Fig. 3. Nanomaterials for balancing the cancer-immunity cycle.

Fig. 3

Nanomaterials can be applied in cancer vaccine design, with the advantage of co-encapsulation of antigen and adjuvant, inherent adjuvant effect, lymph node drainage, DC targeting, and antigen presentation. Various antigens like peptides, DNA, mRNA and whole cell antigens can be loaded within nanomaterials. For TME modulation, nanomaterials can be designed for targeting immune checkpoints, soluble mediators, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), Tregs and tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs). Modified from ref [19], with permission from Elsevier.