Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the WHEALS participants, stratified by prenatal antibiotic use and prenatal antifungal use
| Antibiotic Use | Antifungal Use | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | |
| N1 (%) | 303 (57.5%) | 224 (42.5%) | 101 (19.2%) | 426 (80.8%) |
| Maternal characteristic | ||||
| Age (years) | 29.5 ± 5.3** | 31.0 ± 4.9** | 29.6 ± 5.1 | 30.2 ± 5.2 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 76 (25.1%)** | 86 (38.4%)** | 22 (21.8%)** | 140 (32.9%)** |
| Black | 227 (74.9%) | 138 (61.6%) | 79 (78.2%) | 286 (67.1%) |
| BMI at first prenatal care visit (kg/m2) | 31.0 ± 8.2 | 29.8 ± 7.6 | 31.3 ± 7.3 | 30.3 ± 8.1 |
| Household Income | ||||
| <$20k | 39 (15.4%)** | 17 (8.5%)** | 16 (19.3%)** | 40 (10.8%)** |
| 20k–<$40k | 73 (28.7%) | 40 (19.9%) | 15 (18.1%) | 98 (26.3%) |
| 40k–<$80k | 80 (31.5%) | 60 (29.9%) | 33 (39.8%) | 107 (28.8%) |
| 80k–<100k | 25 (9.8%) | 46 (22.9%) | 13 (15.7%) | 58 (15.6%) |
| >=100k | 37 (14.6%) | 38 (18.9%) | 6 (7.2%) | 69 (18.6%) |
| Highest Level Education | ||||
| < High-school Diploma | 10 (3.3%)** | 11 (4.9%)** | 4 (4.0%) | 17 (4.0%) |
| High-school Diploma/Equivalent | 61 (20.1%) | 18 (8.0%) | 16 (15.8%) | 63 (14.8%) |
| Some College | 148 (48.8%) | 100 (44.6%) | 52 (51.5%) | 196 (46.0%) |
| >=Bachelor’s Degree | 84 (27.7%) | 95 (42.4%) | 29 (28.7%) | 150 (35.2%) |
| Antiviral Use | ||||
| No | 281 (92.7%)** | 218 (97.3%)** | 410 (96.2%)** | 89 (88.1%)** |
| Yes | 22 (7.3%) | 6 (2.7%) | 16 (3.8%) | 12 (11.9%) |
| Neonate characteristic | ||||
| Cesarean section delivery | 105 (34.7%) | 85 (38.0%) | 43 (42.6%) | 147 (34.5%) |
| Birth Weight (grams) | 3309.1 ± 595.9 | 3403.1 ± 588.4 | 3447.3 ± 548.8 | 3327.5 ± 602.0 |
| Birth Weight Z-score | −0.09 ± 1.0 | 0.05 ± 1.0 | 0.09 ± 1.0 | −0.06 ± 1.0 |
| Male gender | 153 (50.5%) | 120 (53.6%) | 67 (66.3%)** | 206 (48.4%)** |
| Ever breastfed | 224 (76.2%)** | 179 (83.6%)** | 72 (73.5%) | 331 (80.7%) |
| Ever used antibiotic before 1 month visit | 6 (3.2%) | 8 (6.7%) | 3 (5.5%) | 11 (4.4%) |
| Ever used antibiotic before 6 month visit | 30 (19.5%) | 28 (27.5%) | 8 (15.4%) | 50 (24.5%) |
| Child characteristic at 2 year visit | ||||
| Age (years) | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.8 ± 1.7** | 16.5 ± 1.5** | 16.8 ± 1.8 | 16.6 ± 1.6 |
| BMI Z-score | 0.17 ± 1.1** | −0.04 ± 1.1** | 0.15 ± 1.1 | 0.06 ± 1.1 |
| BMI category | ||||
| Underweight (BMI<5th percentile) | 20 (6.6%) | 15 (6.7%) | 6 (5.9%) | 29 (6.8%) |
| Normal Weight (BMI≥5th and <85th percentile) | 231 (76.2%) | 171 (76.3%) | 75 (74.3%) | 327 (76.8%) |
| Overweight (BMI≥85th and <95th percentile | 21 (6.9%) | 24 (10.7%) | 14 (13.9%) | 31 (7.3%) |
| Obese (BMI≥95th percentile) | 31 (10.2%) | 14 (6.3%) | 6 (5.9%) | 39 (9.2%) |
| Prenatal Antimicrobial characteristics | ||||
| Timing of medication exposure (trimester) | ||||
| 1st ONLY | 60 (19.8%) | N/A | 26 (25.7%) | N/A |
| 2nd ONLY | 35 (11.6%) | N/A | 27 (26.7%) | N/A |
| 3rd ONLY | 100 (33.0%) | N/A | 39 (38.6%) | N/A |
| 1st and 2nd | 21 (6.9%) | N/A | 3 (3.0%) | N/A |
| 1st and 3rd | 36 (11.9%) | N/A | 1 (1.0%) | N/A |
| 2nd and 3rd | 34 (11.2%) | N/A | 4 (4.0%) | N/A |
| All 3 | 17 (5.6%) | N/A | 1 (1.0%) | N/A |
| Number of medication exposures | ||||
| 1 | 157 (51.8%) | N/A | 84 (83.2%) | N/A |
| 2–3 | 116 (38.2%) | N/A | 14 (13.9%) | N/A |
| 4+ | 30 (9.9%) | N/A | 3 (3.0%) | N/A |
| Route of antifungal exposure | ||||
| Oral only | N/A | N/A | 38 (37.6%) | N/A |
| Vaginal only | N/A | N/A | 53 (52.5%) | N/A |
| Vaginal and Oral | N/A | N/A | 10 (9.9%) | N/A |
1
BMI at first prenatal care visit (N = 520), Household Income (N= 455), Birth Weight (N = 504), Birth Weight Z-score (N = 490), Ever breastfed (N = 508), Infant antibiotic use before age 1 month (N=307), Infant antibiotic use before age 6 months (N=256).
**
P<0.05 comparing women with and without the specific antimicrobial exposure
BMI, body mass index