Table 1. Demographic and selected variables in GDM patients and controls.
| GDM N=278 |
Control N=179 |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 31.8 ± 4.8 | 29.4 ± 4.8 | <0.0001 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7 ± 5.9 | 22.9 ± 4.5 | <0.0001 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 121 (43.5%) | 70 (39.1%) | 0.201 |
| History of hypertension (%) | 43 (15.5%) | 12 (6.7%) | 0.005 |
| History of GDM (%)* | 19 (13.8%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| History of IGT (%) | 16 (5.8 %) | 3 (1.7 %) | 0.052 |
| PCOS (%) | 25 (9%) | 10 (5.6%) | 0.210 |
| Parity: | |||
| Nulliparae (%) | 140 (50.4 %) | 102 (57%) | 0.099 |
| Multiparae (%) | 138 (49.6%) | 77 (43%) | |
| Number of pregnancies** | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6.68 ± 1.16 | 6.57 ± 1.34 | 0.374 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.26 ± 0.86 | 1.83 ± 0.63 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.93 ± 0.48 | 2.05 ± 0.44 | 0.013 |
| VLDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.05 ± 0.41 | 0.84 ± 0.29 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.69 ± 1.06 | 3.67 ± 1.19 | 0.844 |
| Pregnancy outcomes*** | N=257 | N=158 | |
| Delivery by caesarian section (%) | 69 (26.8%) | 33 (20.8%) | 0.197 |
| Neonatal birthweight, g | 3471 ± 513 | 3444 ± 509 | 0.611 |
| Percentage of LGA newborns (%) | 40 (15.6%) | 13 (8.2%) | 0.034 |
| Percentage of SGA newborns (%) | 14 (5.4%) | 12 (7.6%) | 0.408 |
Note: BMI - body mass index, GDM - gestational diabetes mellitus, IGT - impaired glucose tolerance, PCOS - polycystic ovary syndrome, LGA - large for gestational age, SGA - small for gestational age.
* - % counted for the number of multiparae (N=215).
** - including the index pregnancy.
*** - pregnancy outcomes were available for a total of 415 women (257 GDM patients and 158 controls).