Table 4.
Performance characteristics of HPLC, UPLC and GC methods.
| S.No. | Stationary phase; Mobile phase | UV-detection (nm) | Linear range (μg/mL) | LOD (μg/mL) | LOQ (μg/mL) | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | C18 (150mm×3.0 mm, 5 μm); Buffer (0.2% triethylamine in water, pH 7.5 with acetic acid), acetonitrile, and methanol; 0.8 mL/min. | 280 | – | – | – | Bulk drug | [8] (USP method) |
| 2 | RP-C18(250mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm); methanol–water (95:5, v/v); 1.2 mL/min. | 254 | 20–200 | 0.9 | 2.7 | Pharmaceutical hydroalcoholic solutions and tablets, dissolution test | [27] |
| 3 | C18; 0.2% sodium-1-heptanesulphonate: acetonitrile (60:40, v/v) | 220 | 8.54–59.8 | 1.21 | 3.67 | Tablets | [28] |
| 4 | RP-C18; buffer:acetonitrile (65:35, v/v); 1.8 mL/min | 220 | 0.02–2 | – | – | Tablets | [29] |
| 5 | ODS column; phosphate buffer:acetonitrile (60:40, v/v); 1 mL/min | 283 | 0.5–50 | – | – | Tablets | [30] |
| 6 | Inertsil C18; methanol:acetonitrile (60:40, v/v) with 0.15% triethylamine and 0.15% H3PO4 (pH 7.68) | 224 | 5–50 | 0.1 | 0.2 | Semi-solid dosage forms | [31] |
| 7 | Phenomenex C18 (250mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm); water–acetonitrile–methanol (50:40:10, v/v/v) | 282 | – | – | – | Cream | [32] |
| 8 | Kramosil C18; distilled water-0.3% sodium heptanesulphonate in methanol (pH 3.2 with glacial acetic acid) (73:27, v/v) | 248 | – | – | – | Ointment | [33] |
| 9 | C18 column; water–ammonium dihydrogenphosphate–methanol (15:25:60, v/v/v); 1 mL/min. | 225 | 2–12 | 0.05 | 0.15 | Dosage forms | [34] |
| 10 | RP-Bondapak C18 (250mm×4.6 mm, 10 μm); water–methanol (20:80, v/v) | 284 | – | – | – | In the presence of photo degradation products (SIAM) | [35] |
| 11 | Shim-pack CLC-ODS (250×4 mm, 5 μm); water:methanol (5:95, v/v); 1 mL/min. | 254 | 10–20 | – | – | Tablets and creams | [36] |
| 12 | NeoSphere C18 (250mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm); 0.5% triethanolamine and methanol; 1.2 mL/min | 250 | 2–12 | 0.22 | 0.66 | Stability-indicating assay; bulk drug and tablets | [10] |
| 13 | ZORBAX Eclips XDB C18 (150mm×4.6 mm, 3.5 μm); 0.2% triethylamine buffer (pH 3.4 with trifluoroacetic acid):isopropyl alcohol:methanol (40:12:48, v/v/v); 1 mL/min. | 222 | 1–80 | 0.3 | 1.0 | Stability-indicating assay, tablets | [37] |
| 14 | NUCLEOSIL 100-5-CN; Sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.5)-tetrahydrofuran–acetonitrile (70:10:20, v/v/v); 0.8 mL/min | 226 | – | – | – | Separation of impurities | [38] |
| 15 | Buffer (0.012 mol/L triethylamine+0.02 mol/L H3PO4) and acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) | 224 | 0.02–2 | 0.002 | – | Human plasma, nail, sebum, and stratum corneum; Pharmacokinetic solution | [49] |
| 16 | Phenyl column | 224 | 0–2.5 (plasma) | 0.02–0.5 | – | Human plasma and urine | [50] |
| 0–1 (urine) | |||||||
| 17 | MerckLichro CART (250mm×4 mm, 5 μm); 0.05% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid, acetonitrile, and methanol | 224 | 0.1–15 | 0.31 | 0.95 | Urine | [51] |
| 18 | – | UV and electro chemical | – | 0.05 (plasma) | – | Plasma, milk and urine | [52] |
| 0.15 (milk) | |||||||
| 0.3 (urine) | |||||||
| 19 | C18 column; water and acetonitrile (60:40, v/v) containing H3PO4 (0.02 mol/L) and triethylamine (0.01 mol/L) | 224 | 1–3 µg/g (skin) | – | 0.1 µg/g (skin) | Rat tissues | [53] |
| 0.01–0.6 µg/g (other tissues) | 0.01 µg/g (other tissue) | ||||||
| 20 | – | – | – | – | Nail samples | [54] | |
| 21 (a) | Pecosphere 3 C18 (83mm×4.6 mm, 3 μm); 0.012 mol/L triethylamine+0.02 mol/L H3PO4: acetonitrile (48:52, v/v); 2.0 mL/min. | 224 (HPLC) | 0.0003–3 | – | 0.01 μg/g | Cat hair | [55] |
| (b) | Capillary HP-5 column (30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm); carrier gas was helium | FID Detector (GC) | 0.025–5 | – | 0.0006 µg/g | – | |
| 22 | ZORBAX SB-Aq C18 column; 50% H3PO4:acetonitrile (40:60, v/v); 0.8 mL/min. | – | – | – | – | Human plasma | [56] |
| 23 | Hypersil GOLD C18 (50mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm); 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile (UPLC) | – | – | 0.01–0.07 | – | Plasma and urine | [57] |
SIAM: Stability-indicating assay method.