Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of cases and controls, case-control study nested within Singapore Chinese Health Studya.
| Cases (n = 571) | Controls (n = 571) | P-valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) at blood taken | 59.6 (6.1) | 59.7 (6.2) | — |
| Gender (Female) | 335 (58.7) | 335 (58.7) | — |
| Dialect (%) | — | ||
| Cantonese | 287 (50.3) | 287 (50.3) | |
| Hokkien | 284 (49.7) | 284 (49.7) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.8 (3.6) | 22.8 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| Level of education (%) | 0.15 | ||
| No formal education | 104 (18.2) | 99 (17.3) | |
| Primary school | 255 (44.7) | 233 (40.8) | |
| Secondary and above | 212 (37.1) | 239 (41.9) | |
| History of Hypertension (%) | 265 (46.4) | 148 (25.9) | <0.001 |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | 0.08 | ||
| Never smokers | 410 (71.8) | 425 (74.4) | |
| Former smoker | 63 (11.0) | 71 (12.4) | |
| Current smokers | 98 (17.2) | 75 (13.1) | |
| Weekly moderate-to-vigorous activity (%) | 0.37 | ||
| <0.5 hour/week | 456 (79.9) | 454 (79.5) | |
| 0.5–3.9 hours/week | 82 (14.4) | 68 (11.9) | |
| ≥4.0 hours/week | 33 (5.8) | 49 (8.6) | |
| Alcohol Intake (%) | 0.89 | ||
| Abstainers | 498 (87.2) | 497 (87.0) | |
| Weekly drinkers | 55 (9.6) | 59 (10.3) | |
| Daily drinkers | 18 (3.2) | 15 (2.6) | |
| Fasting status (yes) | 178 (31.2) | 156 (27.3) | 0.15 |
| Adiponectin, µg/mL | 6.7 (5.2–8.3) | 8.4 (6.5–10.8) | <0.001 |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L | 1.8 (1.0–3.5) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | <0.001 |
| Random glucose, mmol/L | 6.0 (4.8–8.9) | 4.5 (4.1–5.3) | <0.001 |
| Random insulin, mIU/L | 14.7 (7.9–35.2) | 9.0 (4.5–22.0) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.31 (0.95) | 5.20 (0.85) | 0.05 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.08 (0.24) | 1.23 (0.32) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.2 (1.5–3.0) | 1.5 (1.1–2.2) | <0.001 |
| Ratio of triglycerides to HDL cholesterol | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, % | 6.83 (1.44) | 5.55 (0.27) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, mmol/mol | 51 | 38 | <0.001 |
aData are expressed as mean (SD) for continuous variables with normal distribution, median (interquartile range) for continuous variables with skewed distribution, and n (percentage) for categorical variables. Cases and controls are matched on age at blood taken (±3 years), gender, dialect, and date of blood collection ( ± 6 months).
b P-values were based on conditional logistic regression.