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. 2018 Jan 10;8:256. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18433-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Caspases and autophagy are activated upon IL-34 or CSF-1 treatment. Human peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors were exposed to 100 ng/mL CSF-1 or 100 ng/mL IL-34 for the indicated times. (a) Immunoblot analysis of indicated proteins in monocytes following CSF-1 or IL-34 stimulation. P indicate phosphorylated proteins. Each panel is representative of at least 3 independent experiments. (b) Immunoblot analysis of indicated proteins in monocytes following CSF-1 or IL-34 stimulation. The ratio of the LC3-II protein level to that of LC3-I protein level was determined using ImageJ software. Actin was detected as the loading control. Asterisks indicate cleavage fragments. Each panel is representative of at least 3 independent experiments. (c) Caspase activity was quantified by flow cytometry analysis using DEVD-FITC. The results are expressed as the fold induction compared with untreated cells and represent the mean ± SD of 3 independent experiments performed in duplicate. n.s. denotes non-significant according to a paired student t test.