eTable 2. Development of antibiotic use density (defined daily doses/1000 patient days) in intensive care units (N = 77) from 2001 to 2015.

ATC code	Antibiotic/group	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
J01	Total incl sulbactam	1225	1296	1346	1291	1283	1383	1378	1311	1424	1396	1436	1455	1402	1380	1412
J01	Total excl sulbactam	1180	1166	1200	1138	1132	1193	1203	1167	1258	1279	1353	1412	1399	1380	1407
J01CE	β-Lactamase susceptible penicillins	20	21	25	30	21	23	20	17	19	20	19	18	15	23	23
J01CA	Extended spectrum penicillins	74	101	111	102	99	101	103	82	89	67	61	48	33	36	36
J01CF	β-Lactamase-resistant penicillins	38	40	48	50	44	37	45	41	42	25	32	34	34	50	56
J01CG	β-Lactamase inhibitor (BLI)	44	129	147	153	151	190	175	145	166	117	83	43	3	0	5
J01CR	Combination of penicillins with BLI	206	174	161	146	151	158	160	145	136	161	194	227	263	268	262
J01CR25	– Piperacillin/tazobactam	42	33	26	24	39	40	42	45	50	71	87	105	122	136	146
J01DB	1st generation cephalosporins	47	47	42	39	33	39	33	28	34	29	35	38	36	38	33
J01DC	2nd generation cephalosporins	113	118	130	112	96	94	98	95	95	93	93	88	91	75	80
J01DD	3rd generation cephalosporins	106	109	108	107	109	124	112	112	123	118	115	109	98	91	91
J01DE	4th generation cephalosporins	2	3	2	6	12	11	10	4	4	4	5	15	13	5	6
J01DH	Carbapenems	76	79	88	82	96	120	133	143	168	184	214	231	233	246	250
J01DH02	– Meropenem	29	36	51	47	47	60	62	72	85	105	147	162	175	200	211
J01DH21	– Imipenem	47	43	38	35	46	53	63	62	74	73	62	65	53	43	37
J01XA	Glycopeptides	38	36	38	35	39	40	38	36	46	62	54	57	59	62	57
J01MA	Fluoroquinolones	151	140	145	155	166	172	169	165	171	172	185	184	160	152	157
J01E	Sulfonamides and trimethoprim	29	36	38	17	20	17	20	26	25	22	20	34	32	41	40
J01AA	Tetracyclines	8	9	8	12	10	10	11	8	12	14	8	10	8	9	9
J01FA	Macrolides	77	70	80	72	70	75	83	89	106	108	111	106	110	99	104
J01FF	Lincosamines	25	25	26	24	26	25	21	24	25	23	27	23	22	23	24
J01G	Aminoglycosides	86	68	45	46	41	30	28	25	27	28	27	26	24	24	22
J01GB03	– Gentamicin	38	28	22	22	23	17	17	16	12	13	12	10	10	12	11
J01XB	Polymyxines	2	3	2	2	0	0	0	0	8	9	12	13	15	1	2
J01XD	Imidazole derivatives	70	59	68	64	59	67	60	51	48	46	47	48	46	42	42
J01A	Tuberculostatic drugs	5	6	10	6	7	5	7	16	14	11	15	14	16	23	27
J01XX	Other antibiotics	8	23	23	31	33	44	52	59	67	82	79	90	90	72	85
J01XX	– Fosfomycin	4	10	7	8	6	6	5	8	9	13	4	10	11	9	13
J01XX	– Linezolid	0	10	13	20	24	31	27	32	35	35	45	42	42	33	38
J01AA12	– Tigecyclin	0	0	0	0	0	4	14	13	16	22	18	17	18	14	15
J01XX09	– Daptomycin	0	0	0	0	0	0	5	3	4	10	9	19	16	15	18
	Diverse	3	4	4	3	5	5	3	2	2	3	2	1	2	1	1

DDD: defined daily doses (www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index); total incl sulbactam: all antibiotics including sulbactam as individual preparation; total excl sulbactam: all antibiotics excluding sulbactam as individual preparation; ß-lactamase susceptible penicillins: benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin; extended spectrum penicillins: ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin; ß-lactamase-resistant penicillins: flucloxacillin, oxacillin; penicillin with ß-lactamase inhibitor (BLI): amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin-tazobactam; 1st generation cephalosporins: cefazolin, cephalexin; 2nd generation cephalosporins: cefuroxime, cefotiam, cefaclor; 3rd generation cephalosporins: cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefixime; carbapenems: imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem; glycopeptides: vancomycin, teicoplanin; fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin; trimethoprim-sulfonamide: sulfamethoxazol, trimethoprim; tetracyclines: doxycyclin, minocyclin; macrolides: erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin; aminoglycosides: gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, neomycin, amikacin, netilmicin; imidazoles: metronidazole; others: fosfomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, tigecyclin; diverse: antibiotics with fewer than 10 DDD/1000 patient days: monobactams, streptogramins, amphenicols, steroids, paromomycin, taurolidin, atovaquone, nitrofurantoin; ATC: anatomic-therapeutic-chemical classification system