eTable 4. Development of selected resistance rates (pooled mean values in %) in intensive care units (N = 77) in 2001–2015.
| Pathogen | Antibiotic | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
| Gram-positive pathogens | ||||||||||||||||
| Staphylococcus aureus | Oxacillin | 26.0 | 22.4 | 20.9 | 19.5 | 22.6 | 22.5 | 21.5 | 22.4 | 22.6 | 24.5 | 27.2 | 25.0 | 22.6 | 23.6 | 22.7 |
| Ciprofloxacin/Ofloxacin | 28.2 | 24.1 | 22.9 | 24.3 | 28.9 | 29.7 | 30.9 | 34.0 | 35.9 | 34.4 | 35.2 | 35.7 | 31.9 | 31.3 | 29.9 | |
| Vancomycin | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
| Linezolid | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | |
| Enterococcus faecalis | Ciprofloxacin | 38.7 | 63.9 | 66.7 | 62.2 | 56.4 | 60.6 | 66.6 | 65.1 | 66.8 | 69.6 | 72.6 | 46.2 | 50.1 | 48.0 | 43.0 |
| Ampicillin | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.5 | |
| Vancomycin | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.0 | |
| Coagulase-negative streptococci | Vancomycin | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
| Teicoplanin | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 8.0 | 5.2 | 7.4 | |
| Enterococcus faecium | Ciprofloxacin | 93.8 | 73.3 | 77.4 | 81.5 | 80.9 | 88.7 | 90.2 | 89.9 | 93.4 | 94.2 | 93.6 | 92.7 | 93.4 | 93.4 | 91.0 |
| Vancomycin | 2.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 8.0 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 11.7 | 10.8 | 12.8 | 14.3 | 13.3 | |
| Linezolid | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.6 | |
| Gram-negative pathogens | ||||||||||||||||
| Escherichia coli | Piperacillin/β-lactamase inhibitor | 5.8 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 6.5 | 9.7 | 10.9 | 14.4 | 13.9 | 17.8 | 18.5 | 27.9 | 17.0 | 13.3 | 11.5 | 12.3 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 8.3 | 11.9 | 14.1 | 16.5 | 18.2 | 16.7 | 21.1 | 24.4 | 24.5 | 25.2 | 27.8 | 25.5 | 25.3 | 25.6 | 26.0 | |
| Cefota./ceftr./cefta. | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 5.0 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 17.0 | 13.6 | 15.9 | 17.7 | 16.3 | |
| Imipenem | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Piperacillin/tazobactam | 22.5 | 24.7 | 21.2 | 21.0 | 18.7 | 18.8 | 19.8 | 19.0 | 18.3 | 23.5 | 28.4 | 19.4 | 27.2 | 26.5 | 25.6 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 19.7 | 18.4 | 15.6 | 19.5 | 17.4 | 20.8 | 19.4 | 16.5 | 18.9 | 16.9 | 25.2 | 21.1 | 22.1 | 21.3 | 18.4 | |
| Ceftazidim | 14.3 | 18.5 | 17.4 | 18.7 | 20.5 | 33.4 | 32.5 | 32.6 | 32.4 | 29.1 | 24.1 | 17.3 | 19.6 | 18.4 | 17.1 | |
| Imipenem | 24.0 | 22.8 | 23.5 | 23.8 | 22.0 | 26.5 | 28.9 | 24.5 | 29.6 | 32.7 | 32.4 | 29.6 | 31.8 | 30.3 | 31.8 | |
| Meropenem | 8.9 | 14.4 | 9.0 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 17.7 | 17.8 | 16.9 | 19.8 | 22.8 | 23.1 | 19.3 | 22.4 | 18.6 | 20.1 | |
| Amikacin | 8.6 | 12.6 | 7.5 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 6.4 | 12.7 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 5.3 | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Piperacillin/β-lactamase inhibitor | 8.6 | 11.9 | 8.2 | 11.0 | 12.9 | 9.1 | 14.5 | 15.8 | 15.1 | 23.1 | 21.3 | 16.9 | 19.6 | 20.3 | 16.4 |
| Ciprofloxacin | 5.1 | 9.9 | 4.2 | 8.4 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 9.3 | 12.2 | 8.6 | 18.4 | 16.7 | 16.3 | 15.8 | 15.4 | 15.9 | |
| Cefotax./ceftr./cefta. | 4.5 | 10.8 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 10.2 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 20.1 | 19.5 | 12.2 | 16.6 | 16.5 | 15.7 | |
| Imipenem | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.5 | |
| Enterobacter cloacae | Ciprofloxacin | 4.6 | 5.6 | 10.7 | 6.5 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 9.0 | 6.4 | 6.0 | 6.9 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.4 |
| Cefotax./ceftr./cefta. | 39.5 | 69.4 | 63.4 | 33.1 | 31.4 | 35.6 | 37.2 | 34.6 | 38.6 | 39.8 | 38.5 | 34.8 | 36.3 | 36.8 | 31.7 | |
| Imipenem | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.9 | |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | Ceftazidime | 28.1 | 13.1 | 15.7 | 14.6 | 16.3 | 27.9 | 21.3 | 12.8 | 22.8 | 35.9 | 29.4 | 24.3 | 33.1 | 51.4 | 61.8 |
| Imipenem | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 6.2 | 19.4 | 9.0 | 3.9 | 19.0 | 14.4 | 10.9 | 21.0 | 11.7 | 27.0 | 42.8 | |
Cefotax./Ceftr./Cefta.: cefotaxime/ceftriaxone/ceftazidime