eTabelle 1. Effektstärken der verschiedenen empfohlenen Antibiotika.

Reference	Level of evidence & Risk of Bias*	Outcome	Intervention & number of patients	Dosage	Duration	Comparison & number of patients	Dosage	Duration
Randomized controlled trials
Ciprofloxacin
Bleidorn 2010 (e28)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal - Blinding of outcome data assessment - Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting - Other bias -	Uncomplicated lower UTI Primary outcomes: Symptom resolution on day 4: Ibuprofen: 58.3% Ciprofloxacin: 51.5%, p=0.744 Secondary outcomes: Symptom burden day 4: Ibuprofen: mean 0.97, SD 1.42 Ciprofloxacin: mean 1.3, SD 1.9 Symptom burden day 7: Ibuprofen: mean 0.67, SD 1.26 Ciprofloxacin: mean 0.61, SD 0.86 Symptom resolution day 7: Ibuprofen: 75% Ciprofloxacin: 60.6%, p=0.306 Frequency of relapse (secondary antibiotic treatment day 0 to 9; per protocol analysis): Ibuprofen: 33.3% Ciprofloxacin: 18.2%, p=0.247	Ibuprofen N=40	3 × 400 mg	3 days	Ciprofloxacin N=39	2 x 250mg (+1 placebo)	3 days
Ceran 2010 (e29)	IIb Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal + Blinding of outcome data assessment + Incomplete outcome data + Selective outcome reporting ? Other bias ?	Uncomplicated lower UTI Clinical effects (clinical response= disappearance of signs and symptoms): FMT 83.1% Ciprofloxacin 81%, p>0.05 Bacteriological effects (antibiotic sensitivity): FMT 83.1% Ciprofloxacin 78.4%, p>0.05 Improvement of urinary findings: FMT 80.5%	Fosfomycin trometamol (FMT) N=77	1 x 3g	1 day	Ciprofloxacin N=65	2 x 500mg	5 days
		Ciprofloxacin 80%
Hooton 2012 (e30)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal - Blinding of outcome data assessment ? Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting - Other bias ?	Women with acute uncomplicated cystitis Primary outcomes: Overall clinical cure: 11% difference, CI95% [3; 8] Secondary outcomes: Early clinical cure (at first followup visit): 5% difference, CI95% [1; 12] Early microbiological cure (at first followup visit): 15% difference, CI95% [8; 23]	Ciprofloxacin N=150	2 x 250mg	3 days	Cefpodoxime N=150	2 x 100mg	3 days
Palou 2013 (e31)	Ib Random sequence generation ? Allocation concealment ? Blinding of participants and personal - Blinding of outcome data assessment ? Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting + Other bias ?	Women post-menopause with lower UTI Eradication: FMT, N, %: 23, 62.16 Cipro, N, %: 23, 58.97 Persistence: FMT, N, %: 10, 27.03 Cipro, N, %: 9, 23.08 New infection: FMT, N, %: 4, 10.81 Cipro, N, %: 7, 17.95 Clinical cure: FMT, N, %: 32, 86.49 Cipro, N, %: 32, 82.05 Clinical improvement: FMT, N, %: 1, 2.7 Cipro, N, %: 2, 5.13 Clinical failure: FMT, N, %: 4, 10.81 Cipro, N, %: 4, 10.26 relapse: FMT, N, %: 0, 0 Cipro, N, %: 1, 2.56	Fosfomycin trometamol N=59	2 x 3g	2 doses separated by 72hrs	Ciprofloxacin N=59	2 x 250mg	3 days
Peterson	Ib	Complicated UTI and acute pyelonephritis	Levofloxacin	1 x 750mg IV or orally	5 days	Ciprofloxacin	2 x 400mg IV and/or	10
2008 (e32)	Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal - Blinding of outcome data assessment + Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting - Other bias?	Eradication rate end of therapy: Levofloxacin (N, %): 253, 79.8 Ciprofloxacin (N, %): 234, 77.5 Clinical success rate end of therapy: Levofloxacin (N, %): 262, 82.6 Ciprofloxacin (N, %): 210, 87.1	N=543			N=559	2 x 500mg orally	days
Fosfomycin
Ceran 2010 (e29)	IIb Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal + Blinding of outcome data assessment + Incomplete outcome data + Selective outcome reporting ? Other bias ?	Uncomplicated lower UTI Clinical effects (clinical response= disappearance of signs and symptoms): FMT 83.1% Ciprofloxacin 81%, p>0.05 Bacteriological effects (antibiotic sensitivity): FMT 83.1% Ciprofloxacin 78.4%, p>0,05 Improvement of urinary findings: FMT 80.5% Ciprofloxacin 80%	Fosfomycin trometamol (FMT) N=77	1 x 3g	1 day	Ciprofloxacin N=65	2 x 500mg	5 days
Palou 2013 (e31)	Ib Random sequence generation ? Allocation concealment ? Blinding of participants and personal - Blinding of outcome data assessment ? Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting + Other bias ?	Women post-menopause with lower UTI Eradication: FMT, N, %: 23, 62.16 Ciprofloxacin, N, %: 23, 58.97 Persistence: FMT, N, %: 10, 27.03 Ciprofloxacin, N, %: 9, 23.08 New infection: FMT, N, %: 4, 10.81 Ciprofloxacin, N, %: 7, 17.95 Clinical cure: FMT, N %: 32, 86.49 Ciprofloxacin, N, %: 32, 82.05	Fosfomycin trometamol N=59	2 x 3g	2 doses separated by 72 hours	Ciprofloxacin N=59	2 x 250mg	3 days
		Clinical improvement: FMT, N, %: 1, 2.7 Ciprofloaxin, N, %: 2, 5.13 Clinical failure: FMT, N, %: 4, 10.81 Ciprofloaxin, N, %: 4, 10.26 relapse: FMT, N, %: 0, 0 Ciprofloxacin, N, %: 1, 2.56
Estebanez 2009 (e33)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal + Blinding of outcome data assessment + Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting - Other bias ?	Pregnant women Eradication rate (primary outcome): Similar in both groups, over 80% RR=1.195, CI95% [0.451; 3.165], p=0.720 Reinfection: Lower with fosfomycin RR=0.13, CI95% [0.02; 0.81], p=0.045 Adverse effects: Lower with fosfomycin RR=0.10, CI95% [0.01; 0.72], p=0.008 Persistence: RR=2.64, CI95% [0.59; 11.79], p=0.39 Development of symptomatic UTI: p=0.319 Recurrences: RR=1.06, CI95% [0.11; 10.12], p=0.96	Fosfomycin N=53	1 x 3g	1 day	Amoxicillin–clavulanate N=56	3 x 500mg/125mg	7 days
Gágyor 2015 (26)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal - Blinding of outcome data assessment - Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting -	UTI in women Primary outcomes: Total number of courses of antibiotics for UTIs days 0-28 during followup (N, %): Ibuprofen: 75, 31 Fosfomycin: 30, 12 mean difference: 18.8, CI95% [11.6; 25.9] Symptom burden day 0-7 (mean, SD): Ibuprofen: 17.3, 11.0 Fosfomycin: 12.1, 8.2	Fosfomycin N=246	1x 3 g	1 day	Ibuprofen N=248	3x400mg	3 days
	Other bias -	mean difference: 5.3, CI95% [3.5; 7.0] secondary outcomes: adverse events (patient reported, N, %): Ibuprofen: 42, 17 Fosfomycin: 57, 24 mean difference: -6.0, CI95% [-13.2; 1.1] recurrence days 15-28, rated by GP (N, %): Ibuprofen: 14, 6 Fosfomycin: 27, 11 mean difference: -5.3, CI95% [-10.2; 0.4] Symptom free at day 7: Ibuprofen: 163/232, 70 Fosfomycin: 186/227, 82 mean difference: -11.7, CI95% [-19.4; -4.0]
Pivmecillinam
Monsen 2014 (e34)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal + Blinding of outcome data assessment + Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting - Other bias ?	Symptomatic UTI Symptom free at last follow-up (day 35-49 post inclusion): PIV (total): 68% Placebo: 54%, p<0.01	Pivmecillinam N=855	3 x 200mg	7 days	Pivmecillinam or Pivmecillinam or Placebo N=288	2 x 200mg 2 x 400mg	7 days 3 days
Bjerrum 2009 (e35)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal + Blinding of outcome data assessment + Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting - Other bias -	Uncomplicated cystitis Primary Outcomes: Drug efficacy (clinical cure at follow-up visit 7-10 days): Pivmecillinam: 68.8% Sulfamethizole: 77.9% (difference -9.2%, CI95% [-24.7; 6.3]. Secondary Outcomes: Bacteriological Cure (<10 hoch 3 cfu/ml): Pivmecillinam: 68.8% Sulfamethizole: 77.9% (difference 9.2%, CI95% [24.7; 6.3].	Pivmecillinam N=89	3 x 400mg	3 days	Sulfamethizole N=86	2 x 1g	3 days
		Recurrence within 6 months (GP survey data): Pivmecilliam: 26.8% Sulfamethizole: 18.4% (difference 8.4%, CI95% [-4.5; 21.4%]
Kazemier 2015 (28) Prospective cohort with embedded RCT	Ib-IIb Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal - Blinding of outcome data assessment - Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting - Other bias -	Asymptomatic pregnant women Primary outcomes: Composite (Pyelonephritis +delivery): Risk difference -0.4, CI95% [-3.6; 9.4] Pyelonephritis: Risk difference -2.4, CI95% [-19.2; 14.5] Delivery <34 weeks: Risk difference -1.5, CI95% [-15.3; 18.5]	Nitrofurantoin N=40	2x 100mg	5 days	Placebo N=45 Comparison is made with N=208, which is placebo or untreated (from cohort study).	2x	5 days
Lumbiganon 2009 (e36)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal - Blinding of outcome data assessment ? Incomplete outcome data ? Selective outcome reporting ? Other bias ?	Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy Primary outcomes: Bacterial cure on day 14: Cure rate difference: -10.5, CI95% [-16.1; -4.9] Cure rate ratio: 0.88, CI95% [0.82; 0.94] Secondary outcomes: Different Adverse effects. Different pregnancy outcomes.	Nitrofurantoin N=386	2 x 100mg	1 day	Nitrofurantoin N=392	2 x 100mg	7 days
Other
Little 2010 (e37)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal + Blinding of outcome data assessment + Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting -	Women with uncomplicated UTI Effectiveness: Frequency symptom severity (mean difference, SD): Immediate: 2.15, 1.18 Midstream urine: 2.08, -0.07 Dipstick: 1.74, -0.40 Symptom score: 1.77, -0.38 Delayed antibiotics: 2.11, -0.04, p=0.177 Duration of moderately bad symptoms in days (incidence ratio):	Immediate antibiotics			Midstream urine or Dipstick or Symptom score or Delayed antibiotics
	Other bias ?	Immediate: 1 Midstream urine: 1.21 Dipstick: 0.91 Symptom score: 1.11 Delayed antibiotics: 1.12, p=0.369 Mean unwell symptom severity (mean difference, SD): Immediate: 1.60, 1.30 Midstream urine: 1.66, 0.05 Dipstick: 1.32, -0.28 Symptom score: 1.26, -0.35 Delayed antibiotics: 1.43, -0.18, p=0.392 Odds ratio for antibiotic use: Immediate: 97% Midstream urine: 0.15, CI95% [0.03; 0.73] Dipstick: 0.13, CI95% [0.03; 0.63] Symptom score: 0.29, CI95% [0.06; 1.55] Delayed antibiotics: 0.12, CI95% [0.03; 0.59], p=0.011 Time to reconsultation (hazard ratio): Immediate: 1 Midstream urine: 0.81, CI95% [0.47; 1.39] Dipstick: 0.98, CI95% [0.58; 1.65] Symptom score: 0.73, CI95% [0.43; 1.22] Delayed antibiotics: 0.60, CI95% [0.35; 1.05] p=0.345
Monmaturap oj 2012 (e38)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal - Blinding of outcome data assessment + Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting - Other bias ?	Acute pyelonephritis All patients were given 2g ceftriaxone (IV) over 30min 1x daily as an initial antibiotic agent. After day 3, patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria and the criteria for switch therapy were enrolled and randomized to either the control or study group regimens. Clinical cure (N, %): Group B: 41, 100 Group A: 39, 95.1 Symptom improvement (N, %): Group B: 0 Group A: 1, 2.4 Treatment failure (N, %): Group B: 0	Group B: Placebo (IV) + Cefditoren pivoxil N=41	4x 100mg + placebo (IV)	10 days	Group A: ceftraxione (IV) + oral placebo 4 tablets N=41	4 x 100mg + 2g ceftriaxone (IV)	10 days
		Group A: 1, 2.4 Bacteriological eradication (N, %): Group B: 24, 60 Group A: 26, 63.4
Shaheen 2015 (e39)	IIb Random sequence generation + Allocation concealment + Blinding of participants and personal + Blinding of outcome data assessment ? Incomplete outcome data ? Selective outcome reporting ? Other bias ?	Urinary tract infections Improved: CranAdvantage (N, %): 23, 35.38 Urixin (N, %): 15, 23.07 Not improved: CranAdvantage (N, %): 42, 64.61 Urixin (N, %): 50, 76.92	CranAdvantage N=65	2 x 500mg	2-3 weeks	Urixin N= 65	2 x 400mg	2-3 weeks
Stein 2011 (e40)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal + Blinding of outcome data assessment + Incomplete outcome data ? Selective outcome reporting ? Other bias ?	Women with suspected UTI	Computer – expedited management group N=61			Usual care N=42
Turner 2010 (e41)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal + Blinding of outcome data assessment + Incomplete outcome data + Selective outcome reporting - Other bias ?	Women with UTI Cost-effectiveness analysis	Immediate antibiotics N=56			Midstream urine N= 46 Dipstick N=42 Symptom scores N=60 Delayed antibiotics N=53
Drozdov 2015 (e42) RCT	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment ? Blinding of participants and personal + Blinding of outcome data assessment + Incomplete outcome data ? Selective outcome reporting - Other bias ?	Uncomplicated UTI Primary outcome: Overall antibiotic exposure within 90 days: Intervention: Median 7.0, IQR 5.0 to 14.0, control: Median 10.0, IQR 7.0 to 16.0, p=0.011 Secondary outcome: no differences found. (Duration of therapy; Persistant infection 7 days and 30 days after; Recurrence; Hospitalization within 90 days)	Dif. Antibiotics, administrationbased on algorithm N=63			Dif. Antibiotics, administration based on standard guideline N=66
Wagenlehner 2015 (e44)	Ib Random sequence generation - Allocation concealment - Blinding of participants and personal - Blinding of outcome data assessment - Incomplete outcome data - Selective outcome reporting - Other bias -	Complicated UTI and pyelonephritis Microbiological eradication (N, %, CI95%): Cefto.: 320, 80.4 [2.4-; 4.1] Levo.: 290, 72.1 % difference: 8.3, CI95% [2.4; 14.1] Clinical cure (N, %, CI95%): Ceftolozane/tazobactam.: 366, 92.0 Levofloxacin.: 356, 88.6 % difference: 3.4, CI95% [-0.7, 7.6]	Ceftolozane- tazobactam N=543	3 x 1,5g iv	7 days	Levofloxacin N=540	1 x 750 mg iv	7 days
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Costelloe 2010 (e44) MA	IIa High quality	Individuals prescribed antibiotics in primary care Resistance (UTI only) at 0-12 months: OR= 1.33, CI95% [1.15; 1.53]	Antibiotic use			No antibiotic
Eliakim-Raz 2013 (e45) MA	Ia Acceptable quality	Acute Pyelonephritis and septic UTI RCTs=8 Primary outcomes: Clinical failure at end of treatment (at 10-14 days): 5 RCT, RR=0.63, CI95% [0.33; 1.18] Secondary outcomes:	Different antibiotics		<= 7 days	Different antibiotics	> 7 days
		Clinical failure at end of followup: 7 RCT, RR=0.79, CI95% [0.56; 1.12] Microbiological failure at end of treatment: 8 RCT, RR=0.60, CI95% [0.09; 3.86] Microbiological failure at end of followup: 8 RCT, RR=1.16, CI95% [0.83; 1.62] any adverse event: 7 RCTs, RR=0.93, CI95% [0.73; 1.18]
Falagas 2009 (e46) MA	Ia High quality	Patients with cystitis. 5 RCTs on non-pregnant, non-immunocompromised adult women Clinical success (cure and non-cure but symptom relief): Antibiotics superior 4 RCTs, 1062 patients, OR=4.81, CI95% [2.51; 9.21] Clinical success (cure): Antibiotics superior 4 RCTs, 967 patients, OR=4.67, CI95% [2.34; 9.35] Microbiological eradication (at end of treatment): Antibiotics superior 3 RCTs, 1062 patients, OR=10.67, CI95% [2.96; 38.43] Microbiological eradication (after end of treatment): Antibiotics superior 3 RCTs, 738 patients, OR=5.38, CI95% [1.63; 17.77] Microbiological reinfection or relapse (after end of treatment): Antibiotics superior 5 RCTs, 843 patients, OR=0.27, CI95% [0.13; 0.55] No difference was found between the compared treatment arms regarding study withdrawals from adverse events, the development of pyelonephritis and emergence of resistance.	Different antibiotics			placebo
Falagas 2010 (e47) MA	Ia High quality	Patients with cystitis. 27 trials (8 double-blind) included. 16/27 on non-pregnant female patients, 3 adult mixed populations of older age, 5 on pregnant patients, 3 on paediatric patients. Clinical success (non-pregnant and mixed populations, complete cure and improvement of symptoms): no difference regarding all comparators combined [10 RCTs, 1657 patients, RR= 1.00, CI95% [0.98; 1.03]	Fosfomycin			Other antibiotics
		Insufficient relevant data for paediatric and pregnant patients. No difference between fosfomycin and comparators was also found in all comparisons regarding the remaining effectiveness outcomes (namely microbiological success/relapse/re-infection). Fosfomycin had a comparable safety profile with the evaluated comparators in non-pregnant women, mixed and paediatric populations, whereas it was associated with significantly fewer adverse events in pregnant women (4 RCTs, 507 patients, RR=0.35, CI95% [0.12; 0.97]
Flower 2015 (e48) Cochrane MA	Ia High quality	Women with recurrent UTIs Effectiveness (CHM vs antibiotic): 3 RCT, RR 1.21, CI95% [1.11; 1.33] Recurrence (CHM vs antibiotic): 3 RCT, RR 0.28, CI95% [0.09, 0.82]	Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) only			Chinese herbal medicine combined with active placebo or conventional biomedical treatment
Guinto 2010 (e49) Cochrane MA	Ia High quality	Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy Fosfomycin Trometamol versus Cefuroxime: Persistent infection: RR, CI95%: 1.36, [0.24; 0.75] Adverse event: RR, CI95%: 2.73, [0.11; 65.24] Pivmecillinam versus Ampicillin (RR, CI95%:): Persistent infection after 6 weeks: 0.67, [0.29-; 1.54] Recurrences: 0.69, [0.12-; 0.85] 1-day Nitrofurantoin versus 7-day Nitrofurantoin (RR, CI95%): Symptomatic infection at 2 weeks: 0.71, [0.23; 2.22] Persistence: 1.76, [1.29; 2.46] Preterm delivery: 1.24, [0.79; 1.94] Pivampicillin/Pivmecillinam (Miraxid) versus Cephalexin (RR, CI95%): Persistence: 5.75, [0.75; 44.15] Recurrence: 0.77, [0.23; 2.5] Cycloserine versus Sulphadimidine (RR, CI95%): symptomatic infection: 0.62, [0.33; 1.16] persistence: 0.70, [0.41; 1.21] recurrence: 0.89, [0.47; 1.68]	Different antibiotics			Different antibiotics
Gutiérrez- Castrellón 2015 (e50) MA	Ia Acceptable quality	Acute and complicated UTIs (results for acute UTI) Primary outcomes: Bacteriological eradication end of treatment: RR=1.01, CI95% [0.99; 1.04] Clinical cure end of treatment:	Ciprofloxacin			Other antibiotics
		RR=1.00, CI95% [0.98; 1.02] Resistance: RR=0.97, CI95% [0.67; 1.39] Adverse events: RR=0.88, CI95% [0.81; 0.96]
Jepson 2014 (e51) Cochrane MA	Ia High quality	Lower UTIs 24 studies Canberry products vs placebo, water or no treatment (RR 0.86, 95%CI [0.71; 1.04] subgroups: women with recurrent UTIs (RR 0.74, CI95% [0.42; 1.31]; older people (RR 0.75, CI95% [0.39; 1.44]; pregnant women (RR 1.04, CI95% [0.97; 1.17]; children with recurrent UTI (RR 0.48, CI95% [0.19; 1.22]; cancer patients (RR 1.15 CI95% [0.75; 1.77]; people with neuropathic bladder or spinal injury (RR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.75 to 1.20) gastrointestinal adverse effects cranberry product vs placebo/no treatment (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.31 to 2.27)	Cranberry juice or derivates			Placebo or no treatment or any other treatment
Knottnerus 2012 (e52) Network MA	Ia High quality	UTIs in females >12 yrs Clinical cure (short term): Ciprofloxacin (reference) TMP/SMX 0.71, 0.14-1.49 Norfloxacin 0.63, 0.29-1.39 Nitrofurantoin 0.86, 0.31-2.34 Placebo 0.30, 0.70-1.35 Pivmecillinam 1.39, 0.30-6.46 Amoxicillin-Clavulante 0.07, 0.02-0.24 Gatifloxacin 0.93, 0.68-1.28 Fosfomycin –- Bacteriological cure (short term): Ciprofloxacin (reference) TMP/SMX 0.36, 0.18-0.72 Norfloxacin 0.81, 0.35-1.89 Nitrofurantoin 0.27, 0.11-0.66 Placebo 0.03, 0.01-0.07 Pivmecillinam 0.40, 0.16-0.97	Ciprofloxacin			TMP/SMX Norfloxacin Nitrofurantoin Placebo Pivmecillinam Amoxicillin-Clavulante Gatifloxacin Fosfomycin
		Amoxicillin-Clavulante 0.17, 0.8-0.35 Gatifloxacin 1.06, 0.79-1.43 Fosfomycin 0.12, 0.03-0.42 Clinical cure (long term): Ciprofloxacin (reference) TMP/SMX 0.87, 0.40-1.89 Norfloxacin 0.91, 0.44-1.90 Nitrofurantoin 1.28, 0.49-3.32 Placebo –- Pivmecillinam –- Amoxicillin-Clavulante 0.31, 0.19-0.53 Gatifloxacin 0.93, 0.71-1.22 Fosfomycin –- Bacteriological cure (long term): Ciprofloxacin (reference) TMP/SMX 0.87, 0.40-1.89 Norfloxacin 0.86, 0.42-1.77 Nitrofurantoin –- Placebo 0,12, 0.05-0.27 Pivmecillinam 0.60, 0.27-1.35 Amoxicillin-Clavulante –- Gatifloxacin 0.96, 0.75-1.22 Fosfomycin –- Adverse effects (OR, CI95%): Ciprofloxacin (reference) TMP/SMX 1.42, [0.60; 3.35] Norfloxacin 1.53, [0.54; 4.31] Nitrofurantoin 1.07, [0.41; 2.78] Placebo 1.24, [0.42; 3.66] Pivmecillinam 1.36, [0.48; 3.89] Amoxicillin-Clavulante 1.55, [0.92; 2.62] Gatifloxacin 1.16, [0.90; 1.49] Fosfomycin –-
Kyriakidou 2008 (e53) MA	Ia Acceptable quality	Pyelonephritis Clinical success: OR 1.27, CI95% [0.59; 2.70] Bacterial efficacy OR 0.80, CI95% [0.13; 4.94] Relapse OR 0.65, CI95% [0.08; 5.39] Adverse events OR 0.64, CI95% [0.33; 1.25] Recurrence	Different antibiotics		Short course	Different antibiotics		Long course
		OR 1.39, CI95% [0.63; 3.06]
Lutters 2008 (e54) Cochrane MA	Ia High quality	Lower UTI in elderly Single dose versus short-course treatment: Persistent UTI short term: RR 2.01, CI95% [1.05; 3.84] (5 studies) Persistent UTI long term: RR 1.18, CI95% [0.59; 2.32] (3 studies) Single dose versus long-course treatment: Persistent UTI short term: RR 1.93, CI95% [1.01; 3.70] (6 studies) Persistent UTI long term: RR 1.28, CI95% [0.89; 1.84] (5 studies) Adverse events: RR 0.80, CI95% [0.45; 1.41] (3 studies) short-course versus long-course treatment: Persistent UTI short term (trials comparing the same antibiotic): RR 1.00, CI95% [0.12; 8.57] (2 studies) Persistent UTI long term (trials comparing the same antibiotic): RR 1.18, CI95% [0.50; 2.82] (2 studies) Clinical failure (trials comparing the same antibiotic): RR 0.96, CI95% [0.27; 3.47] (2 studies) Single dose versus short-course or long-course treatment (3 to 14 days): Persistent UTI short term (trials comparing the same antibiotic): RR 1.87, CI95% [0.91; 3.83] (4 studies) Persistent UTI long term (trials comparing the same antibiotic): RR 1.06, CI95% [0.50; 2.24] (2 studies) Adverse events: RR 0.80, CI95% [0.45; 1.41] (3 studies)	Different antibiotics			Different antibiotics with different treatment duration
Naber 2014 (e55) IPP MA	Ib	Women with acute uncomplicated cystitis Eradication of bacteriuria (per protocol): Nitroxoline: 184/200 (92.0%) Controls: 197/206 (95.6%) OR: 0.47 CI95% [0.19; 1.14] Clinical efficacy (symptom scoring) in the PP Nitroxoline (n=193) controls (n= 203) (after treatment): Dysuria: p= 0.223 Frequency: p=0.006 Urgency: p=0.030 Nycturia: p=0.254 Flank/back pain: p=0.330 Adverse events, total: Nitroxoline: 23 (9,8%) Controls: 18 (7.8%), p=0.360	Nitroxoline			Cotrimoxazole or Norfloxacin of other dosage
Smail 2015 (e56) Cochrane MA	Ia High quality	Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy 14 studies (almost 2000 women) Incidence of pyelonephritis:	Different antibiotics			Placebo or no treatment
		Antibiotics reduced the risk: (RR) 0.23, 95%CI [0.13; 0.41]; 11 studies, 1932 women) Incidence of low birthweight babies: RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.93; six studies, 1437 babies) is lower with antibiotics Preterm birth: (RR 0.27, CI95% [0.11; 0.62]; two studies, 242 women) is lower in antibiotics Persistent bacteriuria at the time of delivery (RR 0.30, CI95% [0.18; 0.53]; four studies; 596 women) lower in antibiotics
Widmer 2015 (e57) Cochrane MA	Ia High quality	Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women 13 studies (1622 women) All were comparisons of single-dose treatment with short-course (4- to 7-day) treatments. Single dose vs short term (4-7 days) (comparing same agent, RR CI95%): No cure: 1.34, [0.85; 2.12] (10 studies) Recurrence: 1.12, [0.76; 1.66] (6 studies) Pyelonephritis: 3.09, [0.54; 17.55] (2 studies) Preterm delivery: 1.17, [0.77; 1.78] (3 studies) Low birth weight: 1.65, [1.06; 2.57] (1 study) Side effects: 0.77, [0.61; 0.97] (9 studies)	Different antibiotics			Different antibiotics of different duration
Vazquez 2011 (e58) Cochrane MA	Ia High quality	UTI during pregnancy IV + oral antibiotics versus IV only: cure (RR, CI95%): 1.08, [0.93; 1.27] recurrence (RR, CI95%): 0.47, [0.47; 6.32] IV and oral Cephradine versus IV and oral Cefuroxime: cure (RR, CI95%): 0.75, [0.57; 0.99] recurrence (RR, CI95%): 1.93, [1.03; 3.60] IV Cephazolin versus IV Ampicillin + Gentamicin:	Different antibiotics			Different antibiotics
		cure (RR, CI95%): 1.01, [0.93; 1.11] recurrence (RR, CI95%): 1.52, [0.36; 6.47] preterm delivery (RR, CI95%): 1.90, [0.48; 7.55] Intramuscular Ceftriaxone versus IV Ampicillin + Gentamicin: cure (RR, CI95%): 1.05, [0.98; 1.13] recurrence (RR, CI95%): 1.10, [0.23; 5.19] preterm delivery (RR, CI95%): 1.10, [0.23; 5.19] Intramuscular Ceftriaxone versus IV Cephazolin: cure (RR, CI95%): 1.04, [0.97; 1.11] recurrence (RR, CI95%): 0.72, [0.17-; 3.06] preterm delivery (RR, CI95%):0.58, [0.15; 2.29] Oral Ampicillin versus oral Nitrofurantoin: cure (RR, CI95%): 0.97, [0.83; 1.13] recurrence (RR, CI95%): 1.49, [0.55; 4.09] Oral Fosfomycin Trometamol versus oral Ceftibuten: cure (RR, CI95%): 1.06, [0.89; 1.26] Outpatient versus inpatient antibiotics: cure (RR, CI95%): 1.07, [1.00; 1.14] recurrence (RR, CI95%): 1.13, [0.94; 1.35] preterm delivery (RR, CI95%): 0.47, [0.22; 1.02] Cephalosporins once-a-day versus multiple doses: cure (RR, CI95%): 1.02, [0.96; 1.09] recurrence (RR, CI95%): 0.73, [0.17; 3.11] preterm delivery (RR, CI95%): 1.10, [0.44; 2.72] Single versus multiple dose of Gentamicin: cure rate: RR 0.97, CI95% [0.91; 1.03]
Zalmanovici Trestioreanu 2010 (e59) Cochrane MA	Ia High quality	Asymptomatic bacteriuria 9 studies (1614 participants) Symptomatic UTI: (RR 1.11, CI95% [0.51; 2.43] Complications: (RR 0.78, CI95% [0.35; 1.74] Death: (RR 0.99, CI95% [0.70; 1.41] Bacteriological cure in favor of antibiotics: (RR 2.67, CI95% [1.85; 3.85] Adverse events higher with antibiotics (RR 3.77, CI 95% [1.40; 10.15]	Different antibiotics			Placebo or no treatment
		Minimal data were available on the emergence of resistant strains after antimicrobial treatment.

*Bias-assessment: RCTs via Cochrane Collaboration Tool, cohort studies via SIGN Tool. MA: meta-analysis, SR: systematic review, CI: confidence interval, RR: relative risk, OR: odds Ratio, UTI: urinary tract infections, GP: general practitioner, + high risk, - low risk, ? unclear risk, IV: intravenous.