Table 1.
The comparison of characteristics among the individuals in healthy, metabolic dysfunction (MD), and hyperglycemia group.
| Healthy group (n = 188) | MD group (n = 239) | Hyperglycemia group (n = 125) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Patients (n) | ||||
| Male | 68 | 98 | 58 | |
| Female | 120 | 141 | 67 | |
| Age (years) | 50.4 ± 6.5 | 50.8 ± 6.6 | 51.6 ± 7.1 | 0.352 |
| Weight (kg) | 56.6 ± 8.4 | 64.4 ± 10.2∗ | 64.5 ± 10.2∗ | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.7 ± 2.2 | 24.3 ± 2.8∗ | 24.5 ± 3.0∗ | <0.0001 |
| FMI (kg/m2) | 5.8 (4.6–6.7) | 7.1 (5.8–8.7)∗ | 6.9 (5.5–8.8)∗ | <0.0001 |
| FFMI (kg/m2) | 15.4 (14.8–17.4) | 16.4 (15.6–18.9)∗ | 16.7 (15.7–18.8)∗ | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic traits | ||||
| WC (cm) | 74.3 ± 6.1 | 83.0 ± 8.0∗ | 83.4 ± 8.0∗ | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 107.9 ± 8.9 | 120.1 ± 14.9∗ | 119.4 ± 14.8∗ | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 71.6 ± 6.2 | 79.3 ± 10.1∗ | 78.3 ± 9.8∗ | <0.0001 |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.4 | 5.7 ± 1.3∗ | <0.0001 |
| PG30min (mmol/l) | 7.8 ± 1.7 | 8.62 ± 1.9∗ | 10.6 ± 2.5∗ | <0.0001 |
| PG120min (mmol/l) | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 1.2∗ | 10.0 ± 3.4∗ | <0.0001 |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1.67 ± 0.31 | 1.35 ± 0.33∗ | 1.35 ± 0.33∗ | <0.0001 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 0.85 (0.70–1.10) | 1.40 (0.90–1.90) | 1.30 (1.00–2.00) | <0.0001 |
| Abdominal fat distribution | ||||
| ASAT (cm2) | 131.8 ± 46.5 | 176.7 ± 61.1∗ | 162.7 ± 59.9∗ # | <0.0001 |
| VAT (cm2) | 45.2 (33.0–61.7) | 84.3 (61.5–107.9)∗ | 90.3 (64.9–110.2)∗ | <0.0001 |
| SVR | 2.8 (2.2-3.6) | 1.98 (1.5–3.0)∗ | 1.8 (1.4–2.3)∗ # | <0.0001 |
| Insulin resistance/sensitivity | ||||
| HOMA-IR | 1.05 (0.74–1.40) | 1.61 (1.11–2.28)∗ | 2.15 (1.56–3.34)∗ # | <0.0001 |
| Matsuda index | 8.8 (6.2–11.8) | 5.8 (4.0–7.9)∗ | 4.1 (2.6–5.7) ∗ # | <0.0001 |
| Insulin secretion | ||||
| HOMA-B | 75.2 (53.6–100.8) | 107.8 (77.0–150.5)∗ | 95.5 (54.7–149.6)∗ # | <0.0001 |
| I0–30/G0–30 | 0.2 (0.2–0.4) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5)∗ | 0.2 (0.2–0.4)# | <0.0001 |
| I30–120/G30–120 | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6)∗ | 0.4 (0.3–0.6)# | <0.0001 |
| Disposition indexes | ||||
| Basal DI | 72.1 (55.2–88.9) | 65.6 (50.9–88.9) | 47.2 (29.2–65.6)∗ # | <0.0001 |
| Early-phase DI | 2.1 (1.7–2.8) | 1.7 (1.4–2.3)∗ | 0.9 (0.6–1.2)∗ # | <0.0001 |
| Late-phase DI | 3.1 (2.6–3.8) | 2.6 (2.1–3.2)∗ | 1.6 (1.3–2.1)∗ # | <0.0001 |
Normally distributed data are presented as mean ± SD. Nonnormally distributed data are presented as median (interquartile range). ∗Difference between healthy group versus metabolic dysfunction (MD) group: P < 0.05. #Difference between MD group versus hyperglycemia group: P < 0.05. BMI: body mass index; FFMI: fat-free mass index; FMI: fat mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; PG30min: 30 min plasma glucose during oral glucose tolerance (OGTT); PG120min: 120 min plasma glucose during OGTT; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ASAT: abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; SVR: the ratio of SAT to VAT; HOMA-IR: homeostasis assessment insulin resistance; HOMA-B: HOMA β-cell function; Matsuda index was calculated as 10,000/([(FPG × fasting plasma insulin) × (mean glucose during OGTT × mean insulin during OGTT)]). Basal DI: basal disposition index (DI) was calculated as HOMA-B/HOMA-IR; I0–30/G0–30 was calculated as [[30 min insulin (INS) + FINS] × 30/2]/[(30 min plasma glucose (PG) + FPG) × 18 × 30/2]; early-phase DI was calculated as I0–30/G0–30 × Matsuda index. I30–120/G30–120 was calculated as [(30 min INS + 120 min INS) × 90/2]/[(30 min PG + 120 min PG) × 18 × 90/2]; late-phase DI was calculated as I30–120/G30–120 × Matsuda index.