Table 2.
Exposure affecting the gut microbiota during the first six months of life
| Bacteria | Factors | Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B. adolescentis | Late preterm birth | 0.37 | 0.15–0.92 | 0.03 |
| Antibiotics during delivery | 0.31 | 0.07–1.31 | 0.110 | |
| B. bifidum | Late preterm | 0.43 | 0.22–0.85 | 0.02 |
| Vaginal delivery | 1.88 | 0.96–3.67 | 0.07 | |
| Infant's antibiotic treatment | 0.27 | 0.10–0.69 | 0.01 | |
| Antibiotics during delivery | 0.54 | 0.25–1.18 | 0.12 | |
| B. breve | Late preterm | 0.66 | 0.24–1.49 | 0.27 |
| Infant's antibiotic treatment | 0.27 | 0.10–0.72 | 0.01 | |
| Antibiotics during delivery | 0.36 | 0.13–1.03 | 0.06 | |
| Duration of breastfeeding greater than or equal to six months | 0.54 | 0.27–1.11 | 0.09 | |
| B. catenulatum | Late preterm | 11.11 | 3.85–33.33 | <0.001 |
| Vaginal delivery | 2.96 | 1.33–6.59 | 0.01 | |
| Infant's antibiotic treatment | 0.4 | 0.14–1.11 | 0.08 | |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding greater than or equal to three months | 2.21 | 1.16–4.22 | 0.02 | |
| B. lactis | Late preterm | 1.67 | 0.83–3.33 | 0.16 |
| Infant's antibiotic treatment | 0.43 | 0.21–0.90 | 0.02 | |
| Duration of breastfeeding greater than or equal to six months | 0.46 | 0.25–0.85 | 0.01 | |
| B. longum | Late preterm | 0.02 | 0.00–0.15 | <0.001 |
| Vaginal delivery | 2.41 | 1.04–5.57 | 0.04 | |
| Infant's antibiotic treatment | 0.14 | 0.07–0.30 | <0.001 | |
| Antibiotics during delivery | 0.40 | 0.20–0.78 | 0.01 | |
| C. coccoides | Late preterm | 0.65 | 0.36–1.16 | 0.14 |
| Duration of breastfeeding greater than or equal to six months | 0.52 | 0.31–0.89 | 0.02 | |
| C. leptum | Late preterm | 0.35 | 0.16–0.76 | 0.01 |
| Infant's antibiotic treatment | 0.69 | 0.33–1.45 | 0.331 | |
| Duration of breastfeeding greater than or equal to six months | 0.31 | 0.15–0.65 | 0.002 | |
| C. difficile | Term | 0.25 | 0.10–0.62 | 0.003 |
| Duration of exclusive breastfeeding greater than or equal to three months | 0.14 | 0.04–0.14 | 0.001 | |
| C. perfringens | Late preterm | 0.62 | 0.26–1.49 | 0.29 |
| Vaginal delivery | 0.47 | 0.25–0.86 | 0.02 | |
| Time of breastfeeding six months | 0.09 | 0.03–0.26 | <0.001 | |
| Akkermansia | Late preterm | 0.19 | 0.04–0.90 | 0.04 |
| Infant's antibiotic treatment | 0.51 | 0.06–4.27 | 0.53 |
Preterm birth and other factors associated with the presence of bacterial species in faecal samples of infants throughout the study period at birth, two to four weeks and six months. Results are based on multivariable logistic regression analyses and generalised estimating equations (GEE).