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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2017 Oct 16;27(11):695–700.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.10.007

Table 1.

Characteristics among Project Viva participants, overall and according to category of pre-pregnancy BMI

Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2
Overall <18.5 18.5–
<25.0		 25.0–
<30.
0		 >=30.0
n=2112 n=81 n=1242 n=458 n=331
% or Mean (SD)1 P-
values2
Prenatal factors
Age at enrollment, years 31.8 (5.2) 29.8 (6.3) 32.0 (5.1) 31.9 (5.3) 31.4 (5.3) 0.001
Race/ethnicity <.0001
. Black 17 17 11 19 32
. Hispanic 7 4 6 10 8
. Asian 6 21 6 4 2
. Other 4 4 3 6 5
. White 66 55 73 61 53
Education <.0001
. High school or less 12 14 9 13 22
. Some college 23 29 18 25 37
. College graduate 35 23 38 35 29
. Graduate degree 29 34 34 27 13
Married or cohabitating 0.02
. No 9 12 7 9 12
. Yes 91 88 93 91 88
Annual household income <.0001
. $5,000–40,000 19 26 14 21 32
. $40,001–70,000 23 25 21 23 31
. >$70,000 58 49 65 56 37
Parous <.0001
. No 48 54 53 42 37
. Yes 52 46 47 58 63
Pregnancy intention <.0001
. Actively trying 60 47 64 58 49
. Not trying, but glad 33 38 30 34 41
. Not now/never 8 15 6 9 10
Pregnancy smoking status 0.003
. Never 69 74 70 64 68
. Former 19 12 20 21 15
. Smoked during pregnancy 12 14 10 15 17
Elevated Depressive Symptoms (EDS) Outcomes
Mid-Pregnancy EDS 0.10
. No 90 86 91 88 88
. Yes 10 14 9 12 12
Postpartum EDS at 6 months 0.01
. No 91 89 93 91 85
. Yes 9 11 7 9 15
Postpartum factors
Breast feeding duration at 6 months, months 3.9 (2.4) 3.6 (2.4) 4.2 (2.3) 3.7 (2.5) 3.1 (2.5) <.0001
Maternal employment 0.79
. Employed, maternity leave 6 2 6 7 6
. Not employed, looking 7 8 6 6 8
. Not employed, not looking 24 27 26 21 22
. Employed 64 63 62 66 64
Financial hardship <.0001
. No 92 90 94 91 83
. Yes 8 10 6 9 17
Postpartum BMI at 6 months, kg/m2 <.0001
. <18.5 2 33 1 0 0
. 18.5–<25.0 49 67 77 4 0
. 25.0–<30.0 27 0 22 65 3
. >=30.0 22 0 0 30 97
Number of postpartum physical conditions 1.9 (1.3) 1.6 (1.3) 1.9 (1.3) 1.8 (1.3) 1.8 (1.2) 0.01

For all prenatal data n=2112; for postpartum data n=1686

1

Based on numbers averaged across 50 imputed datasets

2

Global p-values

BMI, body mass index

IOM, Institute of Medicine

EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale