Table 2.
Participant Biochemical Measures by Site, mean ± SD
| Ghana | South Africa | Seychelles | United States | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 102.5 ± 10.0 | 83.1 ± 16.1** | 98.4 ± 13.9 | 95.8 ± 11.9 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 11.7 ± 3.8* | 11.2 ± 5.2* | 14.5 ± 6.7 | 17.4 ± 12.9 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 1.3** | 3.6 ± 1.9 | 4.3 ± 3.5 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 5.2 ± 5.3 | 5.6 ± 5.1 | 8.4 ± 7.4 | 10.8 ± 13.8 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 9677.3 ± 4042.9 | 9854.9 ± 4211.3 | 5590.3 ± 2863.7* | 8544.0 ± 4651.7 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 4.3 ± 11.4 | 2.7 ± 3.8 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 2.3 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 159.5 ± 40.6 | 171.1 ± 40.3 | 164.2 ± 39.4 | 175.2 ± 35.4 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 93.8 30.1 | 97.9 ± 32.4 | 89.5 ± 27.8 | 105.6 ± 33.3 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47.3 ± 21.7 | 58.0 ± 25.2 | 54.1 ± 14.3 | 50.5 ± 13.5 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 90.3 ± 38.4 | 94.3 ± 43.9 | 75.7 ± 40.7 | 96.1 ± 58.4 |
| Women | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 98.9 ± 9.2 | 83.7 ± 15.5 | 89.4 ± 18.7 | 95.4 ± 34.5 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 15.3 ± 7.0** | 22.4 ± 13.7 | 19.6 ± 9.0 | 24.4 ± 14.3 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.7 ± 1.9* | 4.8 ± 3.5 | 4.3 ± 2.4 | 5.7 ± 3.7 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 30.7 ± 25.6 | 37.0 ± 26.7 | 39.4 ± 24.1 | 41.5 ± 20.1 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 10,352.1 ± 4502.9 | 11,595.5 ± 6222.8 | 8005.7 ± 5134.3 | 9461.5 ± 5389.5 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 7.6 ± 20.0 | 12.5 ± 17.5 | 5.2 ± 5.3 | 5.5 ± 4.6 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 164.0 ± 33.0* | 157.0 ± 31.1** | 169.0 ± 34.5 | 187.6 ± 36.7 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 102.3 ± 28.3 | 96.4 ± 30.0* | 106.8 ± 38.0 | 119.0 ± 37.2 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.6 ± 11.7 | 45.1 ± 15.2 | 48.4 ± 8.6 | 49.7 ± 13.0 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 86.7 ± 39.5 | 78.5 ± 17.5 | 63.9 ± 43.2* | 96.7 ± 56.5 |
*p < 0.05 compared to the US, **p < 0.01 compared to the US