Table 2.
Substance‐use characteristics of mothers (N = 36)
| DSM‐IV substance‐use disordersa, n (%) | |
| Substance dependence | 33 (91.7) |
| Cocaine dependence | 16 (44.4) |
| Opioid dependence | 6 (16.7) |
| Amphetamine dependence | 5 (13.9) |
| Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic dependence | 3 (8.3) |
| Cannabis dependence | 3 (8.3) |
| Substance abuse | 3 (8.3) |
| Cannabis abuse | 3 (8.3) |
| Substance of choice, n (%) | |
| Cocaine | 16 (44.4) |
| Narcotic | 6 (16.7) |
| Cannabis | 6 (16.7) |
| Stimulants | 5 (13.9) |
| Tranquilizers | 3 (8.3) |
| Substance use during pregnancy, n (%) | |
| Nicotine | 30 (83.3) |
| Alcohol | 21 (58.3) |
| Cocaine | 21 (58.3) |
| Cannabis | 18 (50.0) |
| Sedatives | 13 (36.1) |
| Opioids | 12 (33.3) |
| Amphetamines | 7 (19.4) |
| Others (Hallucinogens, Inhalants) | 3 (8.3) |
| Alcohol‐use severityb, n (%) | |
| Low level | 17 (47.2) |
| Medium level | 8 (22.2) |
| High level/possible dependency | 4 (11.2) |
| Tobacco‐use severityc, n (%) | |
| Very low dependence | 12 (33.3) |
| Low dependence | 8 (22.2) |
| High/very high dependence | 9 (25.0) |
| Extent of substance used, mean ± SD (range) | |
| Last 30 days in controlled environmente (days used) | |
| Illicit substance of choice | 0.14 ± 0.68 (0 to 4) |
| Cocaine | 0.07 ± 0.26 (0 to 1) |
| Narcotic | 0.80 ± 1.79 (0 to 4) |
| Cannabis | 0.00 ± 0.00 (0 to 0) |
| Stimulants | 0.00 ± 0.00 (0 to 0) |
| Tranquilizers | 0.00 ± 0.00 (0 to 0) |
| Any other illicit substancef | 0.19 ± 1.01 (0 to 6) |
| Last 30 days prior to admission to controlled environment (days used) | |
| Illicit substance of choice | 15.39 ± 12.73 (0 to 30) |
| Cocaine | 11.33 ± 11.35 (0 to 30) |
| Narcotic | 29.0 ± 2.24 (25 to 30) |
| Cannabis | 19.4 ± 14.72 (0 to 30) |
| Stimulants | 4.67 ± 8.08 (0 to 14) |
| Tranquilizers | 17 ± 14.73 (1 to 30) |
| Any other illicit substancef | 9.71 ± 11.08 (0 to 30) |
| Pregnancy (days used of 270 total days) | |
| Illicit substance of choice | 110.92 ± 107.55 (0 to 270) |
| Cocaine | 97.44 ± 102.90 (0 to 270) |
| Narcotic | 158.33 ± 130.24 (0 to 270) |
| Cannabis | 112.92 ± 106.64 (7.5 to 270) |
| Stimulants | 50.9 ± 48.84 (36 to 270) |
| Tranquilizers | 184.0 ± 148.96 (12 to 270) |
| Any other illicit substancef | 73.53 ± 103.85 (0 to 270) |
| Alcohol | 22.21 ± 35.83 (0 to 114) |
| Tobacco | 160.92 ± 114.59 (0 to 270) |
| Lifetime (years used) | |
| Illicit substance of choice | 7.94 ± 5.58 (0 to 29) |
| Cocaine | 9.27 ± 6.85 (1 to 29) |
| Narcotic | 7.0 ± 1.22 (5 to 8) |
| Cannabis | 10.8 ± 11.54 (0 to 30) |
| Stimulants | 6.67 ± 4.93 (1 to 10) |
| Tranquilizers | 6.0 ± 1.0 (5 to 7) |
| Total illicit substanceg | 10.83 ± 5.75 (0 to 29) |
| Alcohol | 9.31 ± 7.75 (0 to 36) |
DSM‐IV‐TR diagnoses of substance use disorders were given using the MINI. No mother received the diagnosis of substance dependence or abuse solely based on alcohol or tobacco use.
Severity of alcohol problems was determined by the AUDIT. An AUDIT score of ≤ 7 represented a low level, 8 to 15 represented a medium level, and 16 ≤ represented a high level of alcohol problems. The mean AUDIT score was 7.97 (SD = 7.24) for the current group of mothers.
Severity of tobacco use was assessed by the FTND. An FTND score of 0 to 2 indicated very low dependence, 3 to 4 indicated low dependence, 5 indicated medium dependence, 6 to 7 indicated high dependence, and 8 to 10 indicated very high dependence on nicotine. The mean FTND score was 3.10 (SD = 2.88) for the current group.
Extent (frequency) of substance use was assessed using the ASI‐Lite. The reported values refer to the number of days or years used during the respective period.
Controlled environment refers to residential treatment or incarceration.
Any other illicit substance refers to any illicit substances other than substance of choice (excluding alcohol and tobacco).
Total illicit substance refers to any combination of illicit substances including substance of choice (excluding alcohol and tobacco).
Note. MINI = Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 6.0; ASI = Addiction Severity Index‐Lite; AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; FTND = Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence.