Table 2.
Prevalence at index date and cumulative incidence rate of developing additional comorbidities and multimorbidity in 345 patients with sarcoidosis in 1976–2013 compared to 345 subjects without sarcoidosis
| Comorbidity | Prior to non- Sarcoidosis index/ sarcoidosis incidence date, no.* |
p-value comparing prior events |
Number of events after incidence/index in non- sarcoidosis / Sarcoidosis |
Cumulative incidence at 10 years for non- sarcoidosis subjects (95% CI), % |
Cumulative incidence at 10 years for sarcoidosis patients (95% CI), % |
Hazard ratio (95% CI) adjusted for age, sex and calendar year |
Hazard ratio (95% CI) adjusted for age, sex, calendar year, smoking and obesity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual comorbidity | |||||||
| Hypertension | 75 / 75 | .99 | 91 / 98 | 14.4 (9.7, 18.9) | 19.3 (13.9, 24.4) | 1.19 (0.89, 1.58) | 1.09 (0.74, 1.60) |
| Congestive heart failure | 6 / 7 | .99 | 24 / 45 | 1.8 (0.2, 3.4) | 7.6 (4.5, 10.7) | 2.06 (1.25, 3.38) | 2.52 (1.36, 4.66) |
| Coronary artery disease | 8 / 7 | .99 | 38 / 54 | 5.3 (2.6, 7.9) | 8.3 (5.0, 11.4) | 1.55 (1.02, 2.35) | 1.51 (0.90, 2.52) |
| Arrhythmia | 17 / 33 | .03 | 75 / 97 | 10.1 (6.5, 13.6) | 13.7 (9.4, 17.8) | 1.44 (1.06, 1.95) | 1.42 (0.97, 2.08) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 57 / 49 | .46 | 121 / 138 | 23.8 (18.2, 29.0) | 28.0 (22.2, 33.4) | 1.23 (0.96, 1.58) | 1.17 (0.86, 1.61) |
| Cerebrovascular (stroke or transient ischemic attack) | 6 / 2 | .29 | 17 / 36 | 0.7 (0.0, 1.6) | 5.9 (3.1, 8.6) | 2.36 (1.32, 4.20) | 2.90 (1.36, 6.18) |
| Arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis) | 44 / 49 | .67 | 106 / 121 | 19.8 (14.7, 24.5) | 29.3 (23.3, 34.9) | 1.44 (1.11, 1.88) | 1.32 (0.94, 1.84) |
| Asthma | 26 / 34 | .34 | 26 / 38 | 4.4 (1.9, 6.8) | 7.3 (4.0, 10.4) | 1.66 (1.00, 2.73) | 1.74 (0.89, 3.41) |
| Cancer | 7 / 6 | .99 | 29 / 17 | 3.9 (1.6, 6.2) | 1.8 (0.2, 3.3) | 0.60 (0.33, 1.09) | 0.59 (0.26, 1.37) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 / 11 | .33 | 36 / 50 | 5.1 (2.4, 7.6) | 8.1 (4.8, 11.4) | 1.47 (0.95, 2.26) | 1.43 (0.83, 2.47) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 53 / 54 | .99 | 56 / 60 | 9.9 (6.1, 13.6) | 15.3 (10.5, 19.7) | 1.22 (0.84, 1.75) | 1.38 (0.84, 2.28) |
| Dementia/Alzheimer’s disease | 3 / 2 | .99 | 17 / 14 | 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.0, 2.0) | 0.88 (0.43, 1.79) | 0.76 (0.22, 2.63) |
| Depression | 53 / 54 | .99 | 50 / 66 | 9.3 (5.7, 12.8) | 13.8 (9.4, 18.0) | 1.52 (1.05, 2.20) | 1.70 (1.04, 2.77) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 26 / 31 | .58 | 73 / 99 | 10.5 (6.8, 14.0) | 17.5 (12.6, 22.2) | 1.53 (1.13, 2.07) | 1.40 (0.96, 2.05) |
| Hepatitis | 3 / 3 | .99 | 0 / 3 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Major osteoporotic fracture | 0 / 1 | .99 | 18 / 33 | 2.4 (0.6, 4.1) | 5.3 (2.6, 7.9) | 2.12 (1.19, 3.78) | 2.06 (0.97, 4.37) |
| Schizophrenia | 3 / 2 | .99 | 10 / 13 | 1.8 (0.2, 3.3) | 1.8 (0.2, 3.3) | 1.36 (0.59, 3.09) | 1.94 (0.53, 7.07) |
| Substance abuse disorder | 21 / 12 | .15 | 22 / 16 | 3.3 (1.1, 5.5) | 3.2 (1.1, 5.3) | 0.82 (0.43, 1.56) | 1.20 (0.41, 3.46) |
| Multimorbidity | |||||||
| ≥2 chronic conditions | 110 / 111 | .99 | 142 / 156 | 31.7 (25.1, 37.8) | 45.5 (38.1, 52.0) | 1.60 (1.27, 2.01) | 1.63 (1.19, 2.23) |
| ≥3 chronic conditions | 55 / 64 | .42 | 145 / 165 | 25.3 (19.7, 30.5) | 35.4 (29.0, 41.3) | 1.35 (1.07, 1.69) | 1.28 (0.95, 1.72) |
| ≥4 chronic conditions | 30 / 38 | .37 | 124 / 152 | 22.0 (16.8, 26.8) | 27.8 (22.2, 33.1) | 1.42 (1.12, 1.80) | 1.34 (0.98, 1.84) |
| ≥5 chronic conditions | 16 / 21 | .50 | 94 / 126 | 11.6 (7.7, 15.3) | 21.1 (16.0, 25.8) | 1.53 (1.17, 2.00) | 1.46 (1.04, 2.06) |
*
Patients diagnosed with a chronic condition prior to the index date were excluded from its analysis. For the analyses of multiple chronic conditions, those who were diagnosed with the specified number of chronic conditions prior to index date were excluded from the analyses, but those with fewer chronic conditions were included as they were still at risk of developing the specified number of comorbidities during follow-up.
Abbreviations : CI, confidence interval