Table 3. Descriptive results for all variables.
Means (and SDs) are presented for continuous variables, and frequencies (and percentages) are presented for categoric variables.
| TD | DLD | |
|---|---|---|
| Sample characteristics | ||
| N, children | 156a | 107b |
| Age, years | 9.1 (±1.6) | 8.9 (±1.5) |
| Gender, male | 56 (35.9%) | 69 (64.5%) |
| Cognitive measures | ||
| Performance IQ | 107.6 (±13.5) | 96.6 (±12.4) |
| Vocabulary | 57.5 (±8.6) | 45.3 (±9.7) |
| Verbal comprehension | 105.4 (±8.8) | 97.3 (±9.3) |
| Sentence repetition | 10.2 (±2.7) | 6.8 (±2.9) |
| Repetition of nonsense words | 11.6 (±1.9) | 9.2 (±2.7) |
| Oromotor sequences | 3.2 (±1.0) | 1.9 (±0.9) |
| Picture naming test | 109.2 (±13.1) | 92.1 (±15.8) |
| Digit naming test | 109.8 (±12.6) | 94.1 (±17.1) |
| Sight word efficiency | 113.2 (±11.1) | 93.7 (±17.2) |
| Phonetic decoding efficiency | 111.6 (±13.1) | 93.9 (±14.0) |
| Reading accuracy | 107.0 (±10.2) | 89.5 (±11.7) |
| Reading comprehension | 106.4 (±9.5) | 88.8 (±10.1) |
| Reading rate | 108.3 (±10.3) | 94.9 (±14.9) |
| General communication composite | 86.5 (±15.6) | 62.8 (±22.1) |
| Laterality measures | ||
| Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) | 64.0 (±59.0) | 68.0 (±52.5) |
| N children right-handed by EHI | 134 (85.9%) | 93 (86.9%) |
| Quantified Hand Preference (QHP) | 14.3 (±7.5) | 15.4 (±6.2) |
| N children right-handed by QHP | 114 (73.1%) | 86 (80.4%) |
| fTCD laterality index | 1.5 (±3.0) | 2.0 (±2.4) |
| Mean % change in left MCA blood flow | −1.0 (±4.8) | 0.5 (±3.9) |
| Mean % change in right MCA blood flow | −2.2 (±4.9) | −1.0 (±3.4) |
| N words produced per trial on fTCD | 20.7 (±5.1) | 18.7 (±4.7) |
| N children with consistent left hemisphere dominance | 70 (44.9%) | 58 (54.2%) |
Notes.
Measures without complete data for all the TD children:
Picture Naming Test, N = 154; Digit Naming Test, N = 155; Reading Accuracy, N = 150; Reading Comprehension, N = 150; Reading Rate, N = 150; General Communication Composite, N = 136; N words produced per trial on fTCD (since recording was not available for all children), N = 152.
Measures without complete data for all the children with DLD:
IQ, N = 106 Picture Naming Test, N = 106; Sight Word Efficiency, N = 106; Phonetic Decoding Efficiency, N = 102; Reading Accuracy, N = 98; Reading Comprehension, N = 97; Reading Rate, N = 98; General Communication Composite, N = 81; N words produced per trial on fTCD (since recording was not available for all children), N = 103.