The basic experimental design is shown in 1A. As described in methods, developing zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations of CdCl2 starting at 24 hpf and ending at 96 hpf. After rinsing three times, the larvae were allowed 24 hours of recovery before imaging. Body and eye size were measured (1B). In addition, the areas of brain regions were determined (1C), including what is herein referred to as the telencephalon (T), diencephalon (D), and the hindbrain (H). Larvae from each treatment group were raised to adulthood and assessed for survival, sex, basic morphology, cardiovascular function using an electrocardiogram (ECG) and a conditioned place preference assay (CPP).