. 2017 Oct-Dec;29(4):399–403. doi: 10.5935/0103-507X.20170060

Table 2.

Studies investigating high flow nasal oxygen in various intensive care unit settings

Studies	Design	Patients	HFNO was compared to	Primary endpoint	Results
Hypoxemic ARF
Frat et al.⁽⁸⁾	RCT	310 Medical ICU	NIV and standard oxygen	Intubation	Similar but lower rates in the subgroup of patients with a PaO₂/FiO₂ < 200mmHg.
Post-surgery
Stéphan et al.⁽¹⁶⁾	RCT	830 cardiothoracic surgery	Post-extubation NIV	Treatment failure	Non-inferiority
Futier et al.⁽¹⁷⁾	RCT	220 major abdominal surgery	Standard oxygen	Hypoxemia	No difference
Pre-intubation
Miguel-Montanes et al.⁽²⁰⁾	Before-After	101 medical ICU	Bag reservoir facemask	Lowest SpO₂ during intubation	High SpO₂ with HFNO
Semler et al.⁽²³⁾	Open label	150 medical ICU	Usual care	Lowest SpO₂ during intubation	No difference
Vourc’h et al.⁽²¹⁾	RCT	124 medical ICU	Oxygen facial mask	Lowest SpO₂ during intubation	No difference
Jaber et al.⁽²²⁾	RCT	49 medical ICU	HFNO + NIV versus NIV alone	Lowest SpO₂during intubation	Higher SpO₂ with HFNO + NIV
Post-extubation
Maggiore et al.⁽¹⁰⁾	RCT	105 medical ICU	Venturi mask	PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio	Higher with HFNO
Hernández et al.⁽¹¹⁾	RCT	527 low risk of post-extubation ARF medical ICU	Venturi mask	Reintubation	Lower with HFNO
Hernández et al.⁽¹²⁾	RCT	604 medical ICU with low risk of post-extubation ARF	NIV	Reintubation	No difference
Immunocompromised
Lemiale et al.⁽¹⁸⁾	RCT	100 medical ICU	Standard oxygen	Need for NIV and/or intubation	No difference
Frat et al.⁽¹⁹⁾	RCT	82 medical ICU	NIV and standard oxygen	Intubation rate	Lower with HFNO

HFNO - high flow nasal oxygen; ICU - intensive care unit; RCT - randomized controlled trial; NIV - noninvasive ventilation; ARF - acute respiratory failure; PaO₂/FiO₂ - ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen; SpO₂ - oxygen saturation level.