Table 3.
Associations between proximity to fast-food outlets and adiposity outcomes: multilevel regression results
| Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waist circumference, cm (n=401 917) | |||||
| Distance | |||||
| <500 m | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | |
| 500–999 m | −0·48 (−0·67 to −0·29) | −0·08 (−0·24 to 0·07) | −0·07 (−0·22 to 0·07) | −0·15 (−0·30 to −0·01) | |
| 1000–1999 m | −0·69 (−1·01 to −0·38) | −0·04 (−0·29 to 0·22) | −0·08 (−0·27 to 0·12) | −0·22 (−0·44 to 0·00) | |
| ≥2000 m | −1·20 (−1·59 to −0·81) | −0·05 (−0·40 to 0·30) | −0·11 (−0·36 to 0·14) | −0·26 (−0·52 to 0·01) | |
| Body-mass index, kg/m2 (n=401 435) | |||||
| Distance | |||||
| <500 m | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | |
| 500–999 m | −0·20 (−0·29 to −0·11) | −0·04 (−0·10 to 0·03) | −0·03 (−0·09 to 0·03) | −0·08 (−0·14 to −0·02) | |
| 1000–1999 m | −0·24 (−0·39 to −0·09) | 0·01 (−0·11 to 0·12) | −0·01 (−0·10 to 0·08) | −0·10 (−0·20 to −0·01) | |
| ≥2000 m | −0·40 (−0·60 to −0·21) | 0·03 (−0·15 to 0·22) | 0·01 (−0·13 to 0·14) | −0·10 (−0·24 to 0·04) | |
| Body fat, % (n=395 640) | |||||
| Distance | |||||
| <500 m | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | |
| 500–999 m | −0·18 (−0·27 to −0·08) | −0·02 (−0·10 to 0·07) | −0·02 (−0·10 to 0·06) | −0·08 (−0·16 to 0·00) | |
| 1000–1999 m | −0·19 (−0·35 to −0·03) | 0·07 (−0·07 to 0·21) | 0·04 (−0·07 to 0·15) | −0·07 (−0·19 to 0·05) | |
| ≥2000 m | −0·46 (−0·67 to −0·24) | 0·05 (−0·15 to 0·26) | 0·00 (−0·14 to 0·15) | −0·10 (−0·26 to 0·05) | |
Distances given are distance to nearest fast-food outlet. Data are mean difference (95% CI). Model 0: adjusted for age and sex. Model 1: model 0 plus adjustment for ethnicity, urban or non-urban status, and area deprivation. Model 2: model 1 plus adjustment for individual socioeconomic characteristics (income, education, and employment status). Model 3: model 2 plus adjustment for residential density and density of local physical activity facilities.