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. 2018 Jan 11;8:503. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18766-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The ratio of ETR (a), D (b) and E (c) with optimal (open) and uniform N_L distribution (grey symbols) (ETR_opt, D_opt and E_opt; ETR_uni, D_uni and E_uni) to those with actual N_L distribution (ETR_act, D_act and E_act, respectively) at PPFD_max for a given leaf as a function the daily mean of the integrated photon flux density during leaf development (Q_int). Dashed line indicates the ratios = 1. Symbols are the same as in Fig. 1.