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. 2018 Jan 11;8:410. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18840-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Seroprevalence in two cohorts of parasite carriers in The Gambia. (A+B) Antibodies against the highest scoring gametocyte-specific proteins were measured on protein microarrays. Comparison of positivity (mixture-model cutoff) in gametocyte carriers (n = 164) and non-carriers (n = 63). Gametocyte presence determined by microscopy. All individuals were positive for asexual parasites. (A) Prevalence of antigens from the gold standard (n = 40) and predicted gametocyte-specific proteins (n = 30), Mann-Whitney U test (B) Antigens of five predicted gametocyte-specific proteins are preferentially recognized by gametocyte carriers. Error bars indicate the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval around the proportion. p < 0.05 Fisher’s exact test, corrected for multiple testing of a total of 70 antigens (Benjamini-Hochberg).