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. 2018 Jan 11;8:469. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18801-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Abnormalities of sternebrae and vertebrae in Ach mice. 3D micro-CT of sternum with yellow arrows indicating junctions of adjacent sternebrae in representative 3-week-old WT (A) and Ach (B) mice. Corresponding H&E stained sections showing 3-week-old WT mouse (C) with joint cartilage and growth plate and Ach mouse (D) with mature bone replacing the intersternebral joint and growth plates. The asterisk shows receding joint cartilage. X-ray images are shown for the rib cages from representative WT (E) and Ach (F) mice at 3-weeks of age. Note lateral displacement of ribs giving rise to box-shape rib cage in Ach mouse. 3D micro-CT of vertebrae in representative 3-week-old WT (G) and Ach (H) mice reveal incompletely closed dorsal arch and lack of spinous process in Ach mouse. Corresponding von Kossa method stained sections show trabecular bone on the dorsal aspect of thoracic vertebra in WT mouse (I) and fibrous connective tissue instead of bone forming the dorsal arch in Ach mouse (J).