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. 2018 Jan 11;8:533. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17353-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Correlation between brachiopod shell bulk oxygen and carbon isotope compositions. (a) The shell δ¹⁸O values of the temperate modern brachiopods analysed in this study positively correlate with corresponding δ¹³C values. (b) Shell δ¹³C values positively correlate with offset δ¹⁸O values for all modern brachiopods analysed in this study. Seawater δ¹⁸O values were acquired from the Global Seawater Oxygen-18 Database³⁴. (c) The correlation between shell δ¹³C and offset δ¹⁸O is still present if, where available, the directly measured seawater δ¹⁸O values were used for the calculations. For all plots: two-tailed p-values are calculated using a t-test for the simple linear regressions. Error bars for the offset δ¹⁸O values indicate the mean deviation from oxygen isotope equilibrium calculated using the minimum and the maximum temperature estimates.