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. 2018 Jan 11;8:478. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18744-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic of artificial axons and additive manufacturing approaches. (A) Arrays of vertical fibers (left) of uniform diameter in close proximity resemble geometry of neuronal axon bundles and white matter tracts, and enable complete wrapping around fiber circumference, while allowing fast detection of concentric myelin. Suspended horizontal fibers (right) allow high throughput acquisition of myelin segment length. (B) Direct ink printing (left): inks are extruded through a nozzle on a translational head to fabricate predefined three-dimensional constructs. Projection micro-stereolithography (right): slices of computer-aided design (CAD) models are sequentially sent to a digital micromirror device (DMD) illuminated by a light source, and projected sequentially onto a photopolymer resin bath.