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. 2018 Jan 11;8:436. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18884-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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LPS exposure increases inflammatory factors in the BAL that augment Muc5AC and Bcl-2 expression. (A) LPS induced mucous cell metaplasia in rat nasal epithelium. Representative micrographs of nasal epithelia from non-treated (NT) and LPS-instilled rats stained with AB-PAS. Quantification of mucous cells and volume density of intraepithelial stored mucosubstances (Vs) at 3 d post LPS instillation. Data shown as mean ± SEM (n = 7/group) (B) LPS-induced Bcl-2 expression in mucous cells. A representative nasal epithelial section from LPS-treated rat showing Bcl-2-immunopositivity (red) among Muc5AC-positive (green) mucous cells (MCs) and the nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). (C) MUC5AC mRNA levels in LPS-treated organ cultures quantified by q-PCR. The fold-change over non-treated controls is shown. (D) Quantity of the intraepithelial stored mucosubstances (Vs) in LPS-treated organ cultures stained with AB-PAS. (E) Representative photomicrographs of nasal explants treated with BALF from LPS-instilled rats or with BALF and 100 µg/ml LPS (BALF+LPS), and the quantity of Vs in explants at 24 h following each treatment. Data shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3/group); *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.