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. 2018 Jan 11;8:518. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-19074-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Long-term expression of fearful memories in animals with CeA or LA + BA lesions. (a) Rats were lesioned in the CeA four weeks after training. (b) Time spent in zone 1 and zone 6 by naive, conditioned and CeA-lesioned rats (n = 9). CeA-lesioned animals differed from naive animals in zone 1 and in zone 6, whereas there were no differences between CeA-lesioned and conditioned rats. (c) CeA-lesioned rats showed significant CS avoidance, similarly to conditioned animals. (d) Freezing behavior in CeA-lesioned rats was lower than in the conditioned group and similar to that in naive animals. (e) Reconstructions of the narrowest (red-violet) and the largest (blue) excitotoxic lesion of the CeA. Negative numbers indicate posterior distance from bregma. The serial section diagram was drawn on the basis of our NeuN-stained sections. (f) Representative photomicrographs of NeuN-staining of CeA damage. Scale bars, 200 μm. (g) Rats received combined lesions of LA + BA four weeks after training. (h) Time spent in zone 1 and zone 6 during the memory test, by naive, conditioned and LA + BA-lesioned rats (n = 8). A mixed ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of the zone (F_(1,33) = 4.27, P = 0.047), significant main effects of the group in zone 1 (F_(2,33) = 5.68, P = 0.008) and in zone 6 (F_(2,33) = 6.40, P = 0.004). Rats that underwent a lesion in the LA + BA spent less time in zone 1 (P = 0.030) and more time in zone 6 (P = 0.033) than conditioned subjects, but did not differ from naive rats (P > 0.05 in both instances). (i) Similarly to naive subjects, avoidance behavior (F_(2,33) = 6.17, P = 0.005) was lower in LA + BA lesioned rats relative to conditioned ones (P = 0.028). (j) Freezing responses in animals lesioned in the LA + BA (F_(2,33) = 38.7, P < 0.001) were lower than conditioned ones (P < 0.001) but similar to naive ones (P > 0.05). (k) Reconstructions of the extension of LA + BA lesions. Smallest damage is red-violet painted, largest is blue painted. The serial section diagram was drawn on the basis of our NeuN-stained sections. (l) Representative photomicrographs of NeuN-staining of the LA + BA lesion. Scale bars, 500 μm. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.005. All values are reported as the mean ± SEM. ASt, amygdalostriatal transition; BL, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus; BLv, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part; BM, basomedial amygdaloid nucleus; cc, corpus callosum; CeA, central amygdaloid nucleus; CeC, central amygdaloid nucleus, capsular division; CeL, central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral division; CeM, central amygdaloid nucleus, medial division; DeN, dorsal endopiriform nucleus; LA, lateral amygdaloid nucleus; LaDL, lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part; LaVL, lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part; LaVM, lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part; opt, optic tract; PRh, perirhinal cortex; PVA, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, anterior part; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. See also Supplementary Fig. S3.