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. 2018 Jan 11;8:518. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-19074-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Two models of information processing in the amygdala. (a) The traditional model of information flow within the amygdala proposes that during the formation of fearful memories the LA is the input area for both conditioned (CS) and unconditioned (US) stimulus information. From this site, information is conveyed either directly or indirectly (through the BA) to the CeA (Adapted from Amorapanth et al., 2000). (b) The new model detailing the proposed neural circuits engaged within the amygdala during the long-term auditory fearful memory expression. In this model, the amygdala receives two independent and parallel inputs. One arrives at LA and through the CeA it supports freezing behavior in response to the aversive CS. The other input arrives at BA and drives the ability of rats to bias their actions away from the CS. The latter circuit operates independent from LA and CeA. In addition, we propose that essential information regarding auditory fearful memories arrives at either LA or BA from the auditory cortex (AC).