Table 1.
Origin, year of isolation, biotype, serovar, virulence-related typing, and genome accession number of V. vulnificus strains used in this study.
| Strain | Origin | Country | Isolation Year | Biotipe Serovar Cladea | vvpdhb | vcgb | Sequence accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 | Human blood | Israel | 1997? | 3/O | + | E | SAMN07739065 |
| 162 | Human blood | Israel | 1997 | 3/O | + | E | SAMN07739066 |
| 2322 | Fish pound water | Israel | 1997 | 1 | – | E | GCA_000743165.1 |
| 491771 | Human blood | Israel | 1997 | 3 | + | E | GCA_000743115.1 |
| 106-2A*;***(V Harwood lab) | Oyster | U.S.A. | <2011 | 1 | – | C | SAMN07739068 |
| 11028*** | Human wound | Israel | 1997 | 3/O | + | E | GCA_002074875.1 |
| 12*** | Health tilapia | Israel | 2002 | 3/O | + | E | GCA_002074885.1 |
| 93U204 | Diseased tilapia | Taiwan | No reported | 1 | + | C | GCA_000746665.1 |
| 94385* (C Amaro lab) | Human wound | Spain | 2001 | 1 | + | E | SAMN07739067 |
| 94-8-112*,**,*** (C Amaro lab) | Human wound | Denmark | 1994 | 2/E | + | E | SAMN07739076 |
| 94-9-119* (C Amaro lab) | Human wound | Denmark | 1994 | 1 | + | E | SAMN07739069 |
| 95-8-161*,** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased eel | Denmark | 1995 | 2/I | + | E | SAMN07739070 |
| 95-8-6*,** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased eel | Denmark | 1995 | 2/I | – | E | SAMN07739071 |
| 95-8-7*,** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased eel | Denmark | 1995 | 2/I | + | E | SAMN07739072 |
| 960426-1_4C*,** | Diseased eel | Denmark | 1996 | 2/NT | + | E | SAMN07739073 |
| 99-578_DP-B1 | Oyster | U.S.A. | 1998 | 1 | – | C | GCA_000788325.1 |
| 99-796_DP-E7 | Oyster | U.S.A. | 1998 | 1 | – | E | GCA_000788315.1 |
| A14*,** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased eel | Spain | 2002 | 2/A | – | E | SAMN07739074 |
| AB17-319*,*** (JD Oliver lab) | Oyster | U.S.A. | 2005 | 1 | – | C/E | SAMN07739075 |
| ATCC_27562T (type strain) | Human blood | U.S.A. | No reported | 1 | – | E | GCA_000299635.1 |
| ATCC_29306 | Human wound | U.S.A. | No reported | 1 | + | E | GCA_001471415.1 |
| ATCC_29307 | Human blood | U.S.A. | No reported | 1 | – | C | GCA_001471465.1 |
| ATCC_33147 | Diseased eel | Japan | 1979 | 2/E | + | E | GCA_000764895.1 |
| ATCC_43382 | Human blood | U.S.A. | No reported | 1 | – | E | GCA_001471305.1 |
| ATL_6-1306 | Human blood | U.S.A. | 1996 | 1 | + | C | GCA_000788335.1 |
| ATL_71503 | Human blood | U.S.A. | 1996 | 1 | – | E | GCA_000788345.1 |
| B2 | Human blood | China | 2010 | 1 | – | E | GCA_000303175.1 |
| BAA87 | Human wound | Israel | 1996 | 3 | + | E | GCA_000576265.1 |
| C7184 (or CDC7184)*,*** | Human blood | U.S.A. | 1977 | 1 | + | C | SAMN07739077 |
| CECT4604*,**,*** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased eel | Spain | 1990 | 2/E | + | E | SAMN07739078 |
| CECT4606 *,*** (C Amaro lab) | Healthy eel | Spain | 1990 | 1 | + | E | LAXL00000000 |
| CECT4608* (C Amaro lab) | Eel tank water | Spain | 1990 | 1 | + | C | SAMN07739079 |
| CECT4865*,** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased shrimp | Taiwan | No reported | 2/E | + | E | SAMN07739080 |
| CECT4866*,** (C Amaro lab) | Human blood | Australia | 1997 | 2/E | + | E | LABE00000000 |
| CECT4999*, ** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased eel | Spain | 1999 | 2/E | + | E | GCA_002215135.1 |
| CECT5763*,**,*** (C Amaro lab) | Eel tank water | Spain | 2002 | 2/E | + | E | LEAM00000000 |
| CECT5769*,**,*** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased eel | Spain | 2004 | 2/A | – | E | LABF00000000 |
| CECT7030*,** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased eel | Denmark | 2004 | 2/A | – | E | SAMN07739081 |
| CECT898*,** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased eel | Japan | 1979 | 2/E | + | E | SAMN07739082 |
| CG100* (C Amaro lab) | Oyster | Taiwan | 1993 | 1 | + | C | SAMN07739083 |
| CG64 | Oyster | Taiwan | 1993 | 1 | + | C | GCA_000959775.1 |
| CIP8190*, **,*** (C Amaro lab) | Human blood | France | 1980 | 2/E | + | E | LAXM00000000 |
| CMCP6*** | Human blood | South Korea | <2003 | 1 | + | C | GCA_000039765.1 |
| E64MW | Human wound | No reported | No reported | 1 | + | E | GCA_000269745.1 |
| ENV1*,*** (JD Oliver lab) | Oyster | U.S.A. | 2005 | 1 | – | E | SAMN07739084 |
| FLA112 (ATL9824)*,*** (A dePaola lab) | Human blood | U.S.A. | 1994 | 1 | + | C | SAMN07739085 |
| FLA144 (CDC 90-3095 or ORL 1506)*,*** (A dePaola lab) | Human blood | U.S.A. | 1995 | 1 | – | E | SAMN07739086 |
| FORC_009 | Stool sample | South Korea | 2008 | 1 | – | C | GCA_001433435.1 |
| FORC_016 | Human blood | South Korea | 2009 | 1 | – | C | GCA_001653775.1 |
| FORC_017 | Human blood | South Korea | 2014 | 1 | + | C | GCA_001675245.1 |
| JY1305 | Oyster | U.S.A. | 1999 | 1 | – | E | GCA_000269725.1 |
| JY1701 | Oyster | U.S.A. | 1999 | 1 | + | E | GCA_000269765.1 |
| LSU1015*,*** (JD Oliver lab) | Human wound | U.S.A. | <1998 | 1 | – | C | PRJNA279176 |
| LSU1657*,*** (JD Oliver lab) | Human wound | U.S.A. | <1998 | 1 | + | E | SAMN07739088 |
| LSU2098*,*** (JD Oliver lab) | Human wound | U.S.A. | <1998 | 1 | – | E | SAMN07739089 |
| MO6-24/O*** | Human blood | South Korea | 1986 | 1 | + | C | GCA_000186585.1 |
| NB-VV-101 | Tilapia | Israel | 1997 | 1 | – | GCA_000743155.1 | |
| NV1 | Seawater | Taiwan | 2011 | 1 | + | C | GCA_000959755.1 |
| NV22 | Seawater | Taiwan | 2011 | 1 | – | C | GCA_000960125.1c |
| PD-2-51*,**,*** (C Amaro lab) | Seawater | Spain | 2003 | 2/E | + | E | SAMN07739090c |
| R02*,**,*** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased eel | Spain | 2002 | 2/E | – | E | SAMN07739091c |
| Ra3*,** (C Amaro lab) | Diseased eel | Spain | 2011 | 2/E | + | E | SAMN07739092c |
| Riu1* | Seawater | Spain | 2003 | 1 | – | E | SAMN07739093c |
| S2-22*,*** (V Harwood lab) | Water | U.S.A. | 2004 | 1 | + | C | SAMN07739094c |
| S3-16*,*** (V Harwood lab) | Water | U.S.A. | 2005 | 1 | + | C | SAMN07739095c |
| SC9613 | Crab | South Korea | 1996 | 1 | – | E | GCA_000959745.1c |
| SC9629 | Seafood | South Korea | 1996 | 1 | – | E | GCA_000967055.1c |
| SC9729 | Seawater | South Korea | 1997 | 1 | – | E | GCA_000959825.1c |
| SC9740 | Seawater | South Korea | 1997 | 1 | – | E | GCA_000959765.1c |
| SC9761 | Oyster | South Korea | 1997 | 1 | – | E | GCA_000959835.1c |
| SC9794 | Tidal mudflat | South Korea | 1997 | 1 | + | C | GCA_000959845.1c |
| SREL119*,*** (JD Oliver lab) | Sediment | U.S.A. | <2006 | 1 | – | E | SAMN07739096c |
| SREL314*,*** (JD Oliver lab) | Water | U.S.A. | <2006 | 1 | – | E | SAMN07739097c |
| SS108-A3A*,*** (JD Oliver lab) | Oyster | U.S.A. | 2005 | 1 | – | E | SAMN07739098c |
| V252 | Human blood | Israel | 2004 | 1/clade B | – | E | GCA_001277815.1c |
| VV4-03 | Human blood | Israel | 2003 | 3 | + | E | GCA_000743095.1c |
| VV9-09 | Human blood | Israel | 1999 | 3 | + | E | GCA_000743105.1 |
| vvyb1*** | Healthy Tilapia | Israel | 2004 | 3/O | + | E | GCA_000342305.2c |
| yb158*** | Healthy Tilapia | Israel | 2005 | 1/clade A | + | C | GCA_001013325.1 |
| YJ016 *** | Human blood | Taiwan | 1993 | 1 | + | C | GCA_000009745.1 |
*
Strains whose genomes were sequenced in this study. The laboratory that purchased the strain is indicated in parenthesis.
**
Strains used for virulence plasmid analysis.
***
Strains used for Vibrio species analysis.
a
O-antigen serovar was determined for Bt2 and 3 isolates according to Biosca et al. (1997): Clade A and B were described by Danin-Poleg et al. (2015) and Efimov et al. (2015), respectively. NT, non typable.
b
vvpdh (V. vulnificus potentially dangerous for humans); pilF polymorphism associated with human virulence (Roig et al., 2010): vcg (virulence correlated gene: E, environmental type, C, clinical type, C/E, clinical and environmental type) (Rosche et al., 2005).
c
Waiting for definitive accession.