FIGURE 2.

(A–B) Candida and Mycobacteria spp. differ substantially in morphology and size: Candida spp (A) are eukaryotes that have fimbriae, a cell wall, cell membrane, intracellular organelles (e.g. nucleus and mitrochondria), and a large size relative to Mycobacterial spp (B) that are prokaryotes with an extracellular hydrophobic cell wall, cell membrane and intracellular compartment. The depiction and relative sizes of Candida and Mycobacteria spp are based on the electron microscopy studies of Fekete et al²⁴¹ and Shoonmaker et al²⁴², respectively. (A) Depiction of Candida spp cell wall and the relative localization of common Candida PAMPs. (B) Depiction of Mycobacteria spp cell wall and the relative localization of common Mycobacteria PAMPs, based on recent reviews of the cell wall structure^243,244. (C) Listed are the human PRRs activated by Candida and Mycobacteria spp, alongside their cognate PAMPs from each pathogen class. The superscript number(s) next to each mycobacterial PAMP indicates a corresponding reference that documents its association with or activation of TLR2^245–247, TLR4²⁴⁸, TLR6²⁴⁹, TLR9²⁵⁰, NOD2²⁵¹, MINCLE²⁵², MARCO²⁵³, Dectin-2²⁵⁴, Dectin-3²⁵⁵, Mannose Receptor^256,257, CR^258,259, DC-SIGN^260,261, Galectin-3^262,263, CD36²⁶⁴, MBL²⁶⁵, Dectin-1²⁶⁶, NLRP3²⁶⁷. The superscript number(s) next to each Candida PAMP indicates a corresponding reference that documents its activation of either TLR2^268–270, TLR4^269,270, Dectin-1²⁷¹, Mannose Receptor²⁶⁹, Dectin-2^272,273, DC-SIGN²⁷⁴, Galectin-3²⁷⁵, MINCLE²⁷⁶, SCARF1²⁷⁷, CD36²⁷⁷, MBL²⁷⁸, CR3²⁷⁹, Dectin-3²⁸⁰, TLR9^281,282, NLRP3²⁸³, NOD2²⁸².