Table 1. Maturation time of common fluorescent proteins.
(a) See Supplementary Note for a detailed description of the coding sequences. (b) Because the kinetics in many cases does not follow a single exponential, we report two maturation times, t50 and t90, ± confidence interval of 95%. Temperature has an error of ± 0.5°C. (c) Estimated value of the maturation time at 32°C was taken as 60% longer than the time measured at 37°C; see Online Methods. For mRuby3 Addgene the estimated time at 32°C is taken equal to that of mRuby3 at 32°C. (d) Even though mGFPmut3 is the fastest maturing FP in the green category, its low photostability makes it a poor choice for time-lapse microscopy. Supplementary Data 1 contains the mean fluorescence curves used to calculate maturation times.
| FPsa Order by year of appearance |
37°Cb | 32°Cb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| t50 (min) | t90 (min) | t50 (min) | t90 (min) | |
|
Cyan | ||||
| mCerulean | 6.6 ± 0.5 | 24.0 ± 2.9 | 11.3 ± 0.9 | 50.7 ± 13.1 |
| SCFP1 | 50.9 ± 2.8 | 118.5 ± 10.8 | 81c | 189c |
| SCFP3A | 6.4 ± 0.5 | 24.2 ± 2.7 | 10.6 ± 0.7 | 49.0 ± 15.3 |
| mCerluean ME | 7.4 ± 0.5 | 26.9 ± 2.2 | 12.1 ± 0.9 | 64.6 ± 13.7 |
| mTurquoise | 112.2 ± 7.1 | 319.9 ± 36.6 | 179c | 512c |
| mCerulean3 | 69.8 ± 3.9 | 177.8 ± 17.8 | 112c | 284c |
| mTurquoise2 | 33.5 ± 2.2 | 95.1 ± 9.3 | 58.7 ± 4.1 | 175.7 ± 21.7 |
| moxCerulean3 | 100.4 ± 5.2 | 236.9 ± 23.6 | 159c | 369c |
|
Green (UV-Excitable) | ||||
| Sapphire | 38.4 ± 2.4 | 103.4 ± 8.4 | 61c | 165c |
| T-Sapphire | 156.5 ± 11.2 | 478.2 ± 57.2 | 250c | 765c |
|
Green | ||||
| wtGFP | 36.1 ± 2.1 | 83.8 ± 4.9 | 58c | 134c |
| mEGFP | 14.5 ± 1.0 | 42.4 ± 4.4 | 22.3 ± 1.5 | 62.8 ± 6.6 |
| mGFPmut2 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 28.8 ± 4.5 | 6.8 ± 0.5 | 20.0 ± 2.1 |
| mGFPmut3d | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 15.8 ± 3.1 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 16.6 ± 2.9 |
| mEmerald | 11.2 ± 0.8 | 37.5 ± 12.1 | 17.7 ± 1.1 | 48.4 ± 4.0 |
| sfGFP | 13.6 ± 0.9 | 39.1 ± 4.7 | 19.4 ± 1.3 | 56.7 ± 6.0 |
| moxGFP | 17.1 ± 1.1 | 50.7 ± 4.3 | 35.7 ± 2.2 | 102.8 ± 17.4 |
|
Yellow-Green | ||||
| mEYFP | 9.0 ± 0.7 | 30.9 ± 4.2 | 10.6 ± 0.8 | 34.0 ± 4.3 |
| mVenus NB | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 18.4 ± 6.8 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 18.0 ± 3.2 |
| mVenus JBC | 17.6 ± 1.3 | 59.1 ± 6.9 | 23.1 ± 1.7 | 87.1 ± 12.9 |
| mYPet | 9.7 ± 0.7 | 33.5 ± 5.4 | 11.9 ± 0.8 | 37.6 ± 4.3 |
| mVenus ME | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 30.9 ± 2.5 | 11.6 ± 0.8 | 37.9 ± 5.9 |
| Venus SX | 18.6 ± 1.3 | 57.7 ± 5.2 | 24.9 ± 1.8 | 74.4 ± 8.1 |
| Clover | 22.2 ± 1.4 | 61.6 ± 6.8 | 34.1 ± 2.2 | 108.3 ± 11.3 |
| mNeonGreen | 10.9 ± 0.8 | 36.8 ± 9.2 | 13.3 ± 0.9 | 37.7 ± 4.0 |
| moxVenus | 25.8 ± 1.8 | 77.8 ± 9.1 | 36.2 ± 2.7 | 119.0 ± 13.8 |
| mClover3 | 43.5 ± 2.9 | 112.4 ± 9.6 | 63.5 ± 3.6 | 176.5 ± 19.8 |
|
Orange-Red | ||||
| DsRed-Express | 26.1 ± 1.4 | 70.8 ± 7.4 | 31.2 ± 1.1 | 85.8 ± 29.7 |
| TurboRFP | 87.8 ± 5.3 | 276.9 ± 33.5 | 142c | 453c |
| TagRFP | 42.1 ± 2.6 | 102.8 ± 7.8 | 51.9 ± 3.6 | 105.0 ± 6.4 |
| TagRFP-T | 42.4 ± 2.1 | 103.2 ± 6.0 | 55.1 ± 3.0 | 113.6 ± 6.0 |
| DsRed-Expresss2 | 33.6 ± 1.8 | 78.5 ± 6.5 | 54c | 126c |
|
Red | ||||
| mRFP1 | 21.9 ± 1.1 | 51.4 ± 4.0 | 35c | 82c |
| mRFP1* | 23.8 ± 1.2 | 53.8 ± 4.7 | 32.5 ± 1.8 | 79.2 ± 9.1 |
| mCherry-L | 37.0 ± 1.8 | 81.4 ± 6.0 | 45.9 ± 3.4 | 105.7 ± 9.5 |
| mCherry2-L | 22.8 ± 1.2 | 51.3 ± 4.1 | 33.4 ± 2.1 | 83.1 ± 6.0 |
| mRuby3 | 130.8 ± 6.8 | 342.4 ± 37.8 | 243.7 ± 15 | 725.0 ± 85.9 |
| mRuby3 Addgene | 136.5 ± 6.9 | 354.4 ± 39.0 | 243.7c | 725.0c |
| mScarlet | 132.4 ± 7.5 | 376.2 ± 43.4 | 212c | 602c |
| mScarlet-I | 25.7 ± 1.5 | 66.3 ± 6.8 | 32.8 ± 1.8 | 83.2 ± 8.8 |
|
Far-Reds | ||||
| Katushka | 34.0 ± 2.3 | 92.8 ± 8.4 | 55.9 ± 4.0 | 154.2 ± 13.8 |
| mKate2 | 34.4 ± 1.8 | 79.4 ± 4.7 | 47.9 ± 2.8 | 113.8 ± 6.5 |
| E2Crimson | 23.4 ± 1.2 | 56.4 ± 4.9 | 30.8 ± 1.8 | 79.0 ± 9.5 |
| Katushka9-5 | 27.4 ± 1.7 | 76.4 ± 7.2 | 44.5 ± 2.7 | 114.3 ± 15.4 |
| mNeptune2 | 591.5 ± 44.8 | 1982 ± 243 | 946c | 3171c |
| mNeptune2.5 | 34.5 ± 1.8 | 87.4 ± 6.9 | 82.0 ± 5.4 | 233.1 ± 26.9 |