Table 1.
Cytokine profiles in sera of mice that received IRV using a MN patch or by IM injection.
| Cytokine | MN patch 5 µg | IM 5 µg | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline [pg/ml] | Day 2 [pg/ml] | Day 23 [pg/ml] | Day 44 [pg/ml] | Baseline [pg/ml] | Day 2 [pg/ml] | Day 23 [pg/ml] | Day 44 [pg/ml] | |
| Type I IFN | ||||||||
| IFN-α | 31.3 ± 3.4 | 29.9 ± 2.2 | 27.87 ± 7.5 | 134.9 ± 6.8 | 30.6 ± 3.9 | 34 ± 4.6 | 24.7 ± 7.6 | 33.64 ± 3.4 |
| Th1 cytokines | ||||||||
| IFN-γ | 31.3 ± 11.3 | 180.05 ± 4.46 | 81.26 ± 6.99 | 84.95 ± 3.34 | 33.23 ± 9.4 | 16.15 ± 13.3 | 29.03 ± 2.76 | 97.91 ± 42.13 |
| IL-2 | 24.99 ± 5.42 | 58.71 ± 30.68 | 21.03 ± 2.53 | 21.8 ± 1.59 | 21.89 ± 2.3 | 13.06 ± 10.8 | 30.43 ± 18.96 | 22.1 ± 2.07 |
| TNF-α | 69.5 ± 13.1 | 87.03 ± 11.9 | 80.6 ± 13.9 | 75.7 ± 17.6 | 60.1 ± 3.1 | 60.8 ± 7.9 | 79.2 ± 22.3 | 63.4 ± 3.04 |
| Th2 cytokines | ||||||||
| IL-4 | 33.7 ± 2.33 | 39.8 ± 6.43 | 33.65 ± 3 | 36.3 ± 4.13 | 39.3 ± 6.4 | 20.6 ± 17.1 | 33.42 ± 4.15 | 147.3 ± 11.4 |
| IL-6 | 57.15 ± 9.2 | 69.54 ± 7 | 59.8 ± 9.6 | 78.9 ± 27.2 | 51.5 ± 1.4 | 35.4 ± 29.43 | 457.3 ± 23.42 | 254.2 ± 9.1 |
| IL-10 | 228.9 ± 129.7 | 161.6 ± 40.14 | 137.03 ± 52.6 | 143.2 ± 41.8 | 158.42 ± 1.5 | 68.3 ± 55.9 | 162.4 ± 74.15 | 1197 ± 111.9 |
| Th17 cytokines | ||||||||
| IL-17A | 40.4 ± 3.75 | 53.4 ± 16.5 | 44.9 ± 2.8 | 45.6 ± 3.4 | 43.3 ± 2.8 | 25.1 ± 19.7 | 47.6 ± 6.5 | 191.5 ± 14 |
Mice were vaccinated with 5 µg IRV via microneedle (MN) patch or via intramuscular (IM) injection. Serum samples collected at the indicated time points were analyzed for the presence of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines by a flow cytometry-based bead array or by IFN-α ELISA as described in the text. Data shown are the mean and s.d. from 4 (baseline) or 5 mice. Cytokine concentrations are shown in [pg/ml].