Table 2.
Plant extracts explored against various diseases causing bacterial pathogens in dairy animals.
| Scientific name (common name) | Plant part used | Type of extracts | Pharmacologically active phytoconstituents | Antibacterial activity against | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senna macranthera | Roots | Dichloromethane | Emodine, physione, and chrysophanol | Staphylococcus aureus | (115) |
| Combretum molle (velvet leaved Combretum), Xanthium strumarium (Cockleba) | Stem, bark, leaves | 95% ethanol | – | S. aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae | (116) |
| Allium sativum (garlic) | Cloves | Juice | – | Cryptosporidium sp. | (117) |
| Neoglaziovia variegata | Leaves | Hexane and ethanolic | – | Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus | (118) |
| Psidium guajava (guava) T. foeum-graecum (fenugreek) | Leaves, seeds | Methanol | – | S. aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp. | (119) |
| Thalictrum minus | Roots | Dichloromethane and methanol (1:1) | Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (5’- hydroxythalidasine, thalrugosaminine, O-methylthalicberine) | Staphylococcus xylosus, S. lentus, S. equorum, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli | (120) |
| Cinnamon cassia oil | – | – | – | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. hyicus, S. xylosus, E. coli | (121) |
| Holarrhena antidysenterica | Bark | Ethanolic | – | E. coli | (122) |
| A. sativum, Bunium persicum, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum | Bulb, seeds, fruits | Methanolic | Alkaloids | S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae | (123) |
| Dalbergia retusa, Crescential alata, P. guajava, Vitex mollis | Leaves | Methanolic | – | Methicillin-resistant S. aureus | (124) |
| Acacia nilotica, Tetradenia riparia | Bark, flower | Acetone | – | S. aureus, Streptococcus uberis, S. agalactiae, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis | (125) |
| Salvadora persica, Colophospermum mopane, Dichrostachys cinerea | Leaves, bark, roots | Methanolic | – | S. aureus, E. coli | (126) |
| Aloe vera, Curcuma longa | – | Aqueous, ethanol, and ethyl acetate | – | E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa | (127) |
| Evernia prunastri (plum lichen), Artemisia absinthium (Absinthe wormwood), Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender) | – | 96% Ethanol | – | S. aureus, S. xylosus, S. intermedius, S. chromogenes, S. hyicus, Vibrio fluvialis, Serratia liquefaciens, E. coli, Lactococcus lactis, Enterobacter intermedius, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Kytococcus sedentarius | (128) |
| Panicum turgidum (Thummam) | – | Aqueous | – | Streptococcus pyogens, Candida albicans | (129) |