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. 2018 Jan 8;8:1896. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01896

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Copyright © 2018 Viana, Magalhães, Giunchetti, Dutra and Gollob.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Analysis of the frequency of monocytes expressing the immunoregulatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-10, before and after infection with different Leishmania isolates. The percentage of cytokine expressing infected monocytes was determined by gating on the corresponding population. Expression of TNF-alpha (A); IL-10 (B); and ratio of the percent of TNF-alpha/the percent of IL-10 expression in monocytes (C). Results are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 6 donors). The horizontal brackets indicate statistically a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the pairs, using paired one-way analysis of variance test with Tukey correction for multiple comparisons.